Ideas of Carneades, by Theme
[Greek, 214 - 129 BCE, Born at Cyrene, in North Africa. Head of the New Academy in Athens. Wrote nothing, but Clitomachus preserved his arguments.]
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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 3. Philosophy Defined
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2666
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Carneades' pinnacles of philosophy are the basis of knowledge (the criterion of truth) and the end of appetite (good) [Cicero]
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3. Truth / B. Truthmakers / 10. Making Future Truths
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21390
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Future events are true if one day we will say 'this event is happening now'
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21672
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We say future things are true that will possess actuality at some following time [Cicero]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 6. Identity between Objects
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15825
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Carneades denied the transitivity of identity [Chisholm]
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10. Modality / A. Necessity / 3. Types of Necessity
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21389
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Carneades distinguished logical from causal necessity, when talking of future events [Long]
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 2. Sources of Free Will
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21671
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Voluntary motion is intrinsically within our power, and this power is its cause [Cicero]
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / a. Determinism
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21391
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Some actions are within our power; determinism needs prior causes for everything - so it is false [Cicero]
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / b. Fate
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21674
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Even Apollo can only foretell the future when it is naturally necessary [Cicero]
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22. Metaethics / A. Value / 2. Values / h. Self interest
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7398
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Carneades said that after a shipwreck a wise man would seize the only plank by force [Tuck]
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25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 1. Basis of justice
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21392
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People change laws for advantage; either there is no justice, or it is a form of self-injury [Lactantius]
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