Ideas of Zeno (Citium), by Theme
[Greek, 334 - 262 BCE, Born at Citium, Cyprus. Taught by Polemo. Dissatisfied with other Athenian schools, founded the Stoics, meeting in the Stoa Poikile.]
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1. Philosophy / A. Wisdom / 2. Wise People
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20801
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A wise man's chief strength is not being tricked; nothing is worse than error, frivolity or rashness [Cicero]
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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 1. Philosophy
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1771
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When shown seven versions of the mowing argument, he paid twice the asking price for them [Diog. Laertius]
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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 4. Divisions of Philosophy
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20770
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Philosophy has three parts, studying nature, character, and rational discourse [Diog. Laertius]
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3. Truth / H. Deflationary Truth / 3. Minimalist Truth
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6022
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Someone who says 'it is day' proposes it is day, and it is true if it is day [Diog. Laertius]
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6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / a. The Infinite
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7555
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Zeno achieved the statement of the problems of infinitesimals, infinity and continuity [Russell]
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7. Existence / A. Nature of Existence / 6. Criterion for Existence
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20860
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Whatever participates in substance exists [Stobaeus]
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11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 1. Knowledge
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21397
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Perception an open hand, a fist is 'grasping', and holding that fist is knowledge [Long]
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11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 7. Knowledge First
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20799
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A grasp by the senses is true, because it leaves nothing out, and so nature endorses it [Cicero]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / A. Justification Problems / 1. Justification / c. Defeasibility
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20797
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If a grasped perception cannot be shaken by argument, it is 'knowledge' [Cicero]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 4. Foundationalism / d. Rational foundations
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21398
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A presentation is true if we judge that no false presentation could appear like it [Cicero]
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / a. Determinism
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1770
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When a slave said 'It was fated that I should steal', Zeno replied 'Yes, and that you should be beaten' [Diog. Laertius]
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3799
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A dog tied to a cart either chooses to follow and is pulled, or it is just pulled [Hippolytus]
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17. Mind and Body / A. Mind-Body Dualism / 8. Dualism of Mind Critique
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21402
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Incorporeal substances can't do anything, and can't be acted upon either [Cicero]
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17. Mind and Body / E. Mind as Physical / 5. Causal Argument
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20816
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A body is required for anything to have causal relations [Cicero]
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19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 7. Meaning Holism / a. Sentence meaning
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1773
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A sentence always has signification, but a word by itself never does [Diog. Laertius]
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22. Metaethics / A. Value / 1. Nature of Value / f. Ultimate value
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20863
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The goal is to 'live in agreement', according to one rational consistent principle [Stobaeus]
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22. Metaethics / C. Ethics Foundations / 2. Source of Ethics / k. Ethics from nature
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20841
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Zeno said live in agreement with nature, which accords with virtue [Diog. Laertius]
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1774
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Since we are essentially rational animals, living according to reason is living according to nature [Diog. Laertius]
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23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 1. Virtue Theory / a. Nature of virtue
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2662
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Zeno saw virtue as a splendid state, not just a source of splendid action [Cicero]
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23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 2. Elements of Virtue Theory / f. The Mean
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21395
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One of Zeno's books was 'That Which is Appropriate' [Long]
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23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 3. Virtues / a. Virtues
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5964
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Zeno says there are four main virtues, which are inseparable but distinct [Plutarch]
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27. Natural Reality / C. Space / 1. Void
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20822
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There is no void in the cosmos, but indefinite void outside it [Ps-Plutarch]
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27. Natural Reality / E. Cosmology / 1. Cosmology
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20811
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Since the cosmos produces what is alive and rational, it too must be alive and rational
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2648
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Things are more perfect if they have reason; nothing is more perfect than the universe, so it must have reason
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28. God / B. Proving God / 2. Proofs of Reason / a. Ontological Proof
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20810
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Rational is better than non-rational; the cosmos is supreme, so it is rational
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28. God / B. Proving God / 3. Proofs of Evidence / b. Teleological Proof
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2649
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If tuneful flutes grew on olive trees, you would assume the olive had some knowledge of the flute
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28. God / C. Attitudes to God / 2. Pantheism
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20807
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The cosmos and heavens are the substance of god [Diog. Laertius]
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