The 83 new ideas included in the latest update (of 29th June), by Theme

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1. Philosophy / C. History of Philosophy / 4. Later European Philosophy / b. Seventeenth century philosophy
Jacobi said Spinoza's pantheism is atheism, and his determinism destroys morality [Jacobi, by West]
1. Philosophy / C. History of Philosophy / 5. Modern Philosophy / b. Modern philosophy beginnings
Analytic philosophy is the heir of the Enlightenment [West]
3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 9. Rejecting Truth
True statements are largely based on our categories, which are not fixed [Lakoff/Johnson]
5. Theory of Logic / A. Overview of Logic / 1. Overview of Logic
For Kant a 'deduction' is not a proof, but the validation of a concept [Kant, by Wolff,RP]
5. Theory of Logic / D. Assumptions for Logic / 1. Bivalence
Truth is indeterminate in processes like coming to be and passing away [Rescher]
7. Existence / B. Change in Existence / 2. Processes
We only solve problems once we see that all of reality is mobile [Bergson]
Whitehead's building blocks are unit processes, called 'actual occasions' [Whitehead, by Rescher]
Process philosophy is either phenomenological or biological or physical [Rescher]
Prefer activity to substance, process to product, change to persistence, novelty to continuity [Rescher]
A process is a coordinated group of changes, linked causally or functionally [Rescher]
Aristotelians say all processes are 'owned', and are thus subordinate to things [Rescher]
The orthodox view sees processes as the manifestations of stable dispositions of things [Rescher]
Processes without entities are possible, but there can't be entities without processes [Rescher]
Processes instantiate and transmit patterns, though these are not predictable [Rescher]
7. Existence / B. Change in Existence / 4. Events / a. Nature of events
Events are metaphorical objects (and activities are substances, and states are containers) [Lakoff/Johnson]
9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 1. Physical Objects
Maybe physical objects are stability-waves in a sea of processes [Rescher]
Processes and events like storms are just as real as things like dogs [Rescher]
9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / e. Substance critique
The world contains many 'things' which are not substances [Rescher]
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 6. Knowing How
A key form of knowing-how is knowing how to obtain and apply knowing-that [Rescher]
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 2. Qualities in Perception / b. Primary/secondary
Primary properties describe what it is; secondary properties underlie the impact and responses [Rescher]
13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 5. Coherentism / b. Pro-coherentism
Two metaphors for one thing may be coherent, even if inconsistent [Lakoff/Johnson]
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 4. Objectification
Seeing experiences as entities facilitates reference, categorising, quantifying and reasoning [Lakoff/Johnson]
Seeing experience as objects doesn't (unlike metaphors) enhance understanding [Lakoff/Johnson]
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 5. Generalisation by mind
Metaphorical concepts arise not from concrete images but from general ones [Lakoff/Johnson]
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 11. Personification
Personification sees object in human terms, usually selecting one aspect [Lakoff/Johnson]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / a. Nature of concepts
We must explain how concepts are grounded, structured, related, and defined [Lakoff/Johnson]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / c. Concepts in psychology
Definitions give the essence of a concept, but metaphors are how we use them [Lakoff/Johnson]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 2. Origin of Concepts / a. Origin of concepts
Human purposes imposes boundaries around our experiences [Lakoff/Johnson]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / b. Analysis of concepts
We usually conceptualise vague nonphysical things in terms of more precise physical things [Lakoff/Johnson]
We reject the standard view that all concepts are analyzable into primitive concepts [Lakoff/Johnson]
Metaphors help us to understand aspects of concepts [Lakoff/Johnson]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / d. Concepts as prototypes
Categories as prototypes can be qualified by a variety of verbal 'hedges' [Lakoff/Johnson]
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 4. Meaning as Truth-Conditions
Sentence meaning determines its truth-value in various situations [Lewis]
19. Language / F. Communication / 6. Interpreting Language / d. Metaphor
Metaphor not only pervades language, but also our fundamental conceptual scheme [Lakoff/Johnson]
Metaphors understand and experience one thing in terms of another [Lakoff/Johnson]
Argument seen as journey, container or building reveals eight different aspects of it [Lakoff/Johnson]
Metaphors restructure our experience, and thus create new similarities [Lakoff/Johnson]
Metaphor stuctures our conceptual and decisions systems, and is not mere language [Lakoff/Johnson]
22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 1. Nature of Ethics / a. Preconditions for ethics
Morality just needs equality and an absence of authority [Bakunin]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 1. Nature of Value / f. Ultimate value
What has value for humans is quite separate from any ideas of endurance and permanency [Rescher]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / g. Love
The concept of 'love' is structured mostly in physical terms [Lakoff/Johnson]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 4. External Goods / c. Wealth
Wealth is essential for all human goods [Bakunin]
23. Ethics / D. Deontological Ethics / 3. Universalisability
Mere universalising of maxims doesn't pick out the moral actions [West on Kant]
24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 1. A People / b. The natural life
For anarchists people may not be naturally good, but they are social [Woodcock]
24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 1. Purpose of a State
A state can only exist as a conspiracy for exploiting working people [Bakunin]
24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 2. State Legitimacy / c. Social contract
The tacit general contract was a fiction, supporting the propertied classes [Bakunin]
24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 2. State Legitimacy / d. General will
Rousseau uses 'general will' as both aiming at the common good, and as mere consensus [Wolff,RP on Rousseau]
24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 5. Culture
People see tradition as an adequate reason for a repeated action [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / C. Ruling a State / 1. Social Power
Given power, people are natural oppressors [Bakunin]
24. Political Theory / C. Ruling a State / 3. Government / c. Executive
The ruling classes produce a small group, to organise state power and exploit the people [Bakunin]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 2. Anarchism
The believers were united, and renounced possessions, which they shared in common [Luke]
Authority is unnatural, and social ills are because we cannot act according to reason [Godwin, by Woodcock]
True anarchists accept society, which is more important without a government [Woodcock]
People are sociable and self-sufficient; if that is not so, why allow men to rule others? [Walter]
Liberals and socialists want government, which suppresses either equality, or freedom [Walter]
Anarchists co-ordinate their mutualist groups into a federation [Walter]
Syndicalism expands worker control through enhanced and widespread trade unions [Walter]
Syndicalism overemphsises work, and the role of the working class [Walter]
Anarchists want organisation by consent, so there will be more planning, not less [Walter]
Anarchism is the political expression of the common reaction against authority [Walter]
Mutualism is the voluntary formation of groups of people, seen as equals [Walter]
An anarchist has no country, since he views all governments in an equal light [Wolff,RP]
States have a right to rule, but autonomous people refuse to be ruled. Hence Anarchism [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / a. Nature of democracy
Democracy is the only politics which might reconcile authority and autonomy [Wolff,RP]
Democracy ideally wants unanimous directness, with compromises because of obstacles [Wolff,RP]
Since the majority are much stronger, we need rule by ballot to prevent their rule by force [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / d. Representative democracy
For large area issues anarchists prefer short-term delegates, not representatives [Woodcock]
What authority have laws made by a representative who is unlike me, and doesn't know me? [Wolff,RP]
If the views of candidate and voter don't coincide, there is no way they can really represent them [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / e. Democratic minorities
In most disputes, especially early on, the minority are usually in the right [Wolff,RP]
The minority in a vote make a moral judgement which is then forcibly overruled [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / f. Against democracy
Only small scale democracy is possible, but then it is unnecessary [Walter]
Very few of us really believe in government by the people [Wolff,RP]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 11. Capitalism
If you competitively cut prices to gain advantage, you push all the prices down [Wolff,RP]
Free markets very efficiently coordinate behaviour, without need for coercion [Wolff,RP]
Cultures were partly westernised by the new time-is-money metaphor [Lakoff/Johnson]
25. Social Practice / A. Freedoms / 5. Freedom of lifestyle
My freedom needs everyone's freedom [Bakunin]
Respect for freedom is the highest duty and virtue [Bakunin]
25. Social Practice / B. Equalities / 1. Grounds of equality
Anarchists show that freedom and equality are essentially the same [Walter]
25. Social Practice / C. Rights / 4. Property rights
Anarchists only favour personal property which cannot be used to exploit others. [Walter]
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 3. Punishment / a. Right to punish
Deny free will, and abolish punishment, since human actions are the consequence of society [Bakunin]
25. Social Practice / E. Policies / 5. Education / a. Aims of education
Teachers should hold knowledge worthless if it does not enhance our lives [Pufendorf]
25. Social Practice / E. Policies / 5. Education / b. Education principles
A free society needs full compuslory education, followed by promotion of exact science [Bakunin]
27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 2. Passage of Time / a. Experience of time
We understand time in almost entirely metaphorical terms [Lakoff/Johnson]