16051
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Life has a new supervenient relation, which alters its underlying physical events [Morgan,L]
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Full Idea:
When some new kind of relatedness is supervenient (say at the level of life), the way in which the physical events which are involved run their course is different in virtue of its presence.
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From:
Lloyd Morgan (Emergent Evolution [1923], pp.15-16), quoted by Terence Horgan - From Supervenience to Superdupervenience 1
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A reaction:
This is a clear assertion of 'downward causation' at the first introduction of 'supervenience', supporting 'emergentism' about life and mind. That is, the newly-emerged feature has new causal powers that affect the physical system from outside. Wrong!
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19724
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Belief is knowledge if it is true, certain, and obtained by a reliable process [Ramsey]
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Full Idea:
I have always said that a belief was knowledge if it was (i) true, (ii) certain, (iii) obtained by a reliable process.
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From:
Frank P. Ramsey (Knowledge [1929]), quoted by Juan Comesaņa - Reliabilism 2
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A reaction:
Remarkable to be addressing the Gettier problem at that date, but Russell had flirted with the problem. Ramsey says the production of the belief must be reliable, rather than the justification for the belief. Note that he wants certainty.
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