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All the ideas for 'Mahaprajnaparamitashastra', 'Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason' and 'Philosophical Implications of Mathematical logic'

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8 ideas

5. Theory of Logic / C. Ontology of Logic / 1. Ontology of Logic

22329	Logic is highly general truths abstracted from reality [Russell, by Glock]
	Full Idea: In 1911 Russell held that the propositions of logic are supremely general truths about the most pervasive traits of reality, to which we have access by abstraction from non-logical propositions.
	From: report of Bertrand Russell (Philosophical Implications of Mathematical logic [1911]) by Hans-Johann Glock - What is Analytic Philosophy? 2.4
	A reaction: Glock says the rival views were Mill's inductions, psychologism, and Frege's platonism. Wittgenstein converted Russell to a fifth view, that logic is empty tautologies. I remain resolutely attached to Russell's abstraction view.

7. Existence / A. Nature of Existence / 5. Reason for Existence

5062	First: there must be reasons; Second: why anything at all?; Third: why this? [Leibniz]
	Full Idea: We rise to metaphysics by saying 'nothing takes place without a reason', then asking 'why is there something rather than nothing?, and then 'why do things exist as they do?'
	From: Gottfried Leibniz (Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason [1714], §7)
	A reaction: Wonderful. This is what we pay philosophers for - to attempt to go to the heart of the mystery, and then start formulating the appropriate questions. The question of 'why this?' is the sweetest question. The first one seems a little intractable.

7. Existence / C. Structure of Existence / 6. Fundamentals / c. Monads

19377	A monad and its body are living, so life is everywhere, and comes in infinite degrees [Leibniz]
	Full Idea: Each monad, together with a particular body, makes up a living substance. Thus, there is not only life everywhere, joined to limbs or organs, but there are also infinite degrees of life in the monads, some dominating more or less over others.
	From: Gottfried Leibniz (Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason [1714], 4)
	A reaction: Two key ideas: that each monad is linked to a body (which is presumably passive), and the infinite degrees of life in monads. Thus rocks consist of monads, but at an exceedingly low degree of life. They are stubborn and responsive.

12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 1. Perception

19353	'Perception' is basic internal representation, and 'apperception' is reflective knowledge of perception [Leibniz]
	Full Idea: We distinguish between 'perception', the internal state of the monad representing external things, and 'apperception', which is consciousness, or the reflective knowledge of this internal state, not given to all souls, nor at all times to a given soul.
	From: Gottfried Leibniz (Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason [1714], §4)
	A reaction: The word 'apperception' is standard in Kant. I find it surprising that modern analytic philosophers don't seem to use it when they write about perception. It strikes me as useful, but maybe specialists have a reason for avoiding it.

15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 7. Animal Minds

5061	Animals are semi-rational because they connect facts, but they don't see causes [Leibniz]
	Full Idea: There is a connexion between the perceptions of animals, which bears some resemblance to reason: but it is based only on the memory of facts or effects, and not at all on the knowledge of causes.
	From: Gottfried Leibniz (Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason [1714], §5)
	A reaction: This amounts to the view that animals can do Humean induction (where you see regularities), but not Leibnizian induction (where you see necessities). I say all minds perceive patterns, but only humans can think about the patterns they have perceived.

15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 5. Generalisation by mind

21569	It is good to generalise truths as much as possible [Russell]
	Full Idea: It is a good thing to generalise any truth as much as possible.
	From: Bertrand Russell (Philosophical Implications of Mathematical logic [1911], p.289)
	A reaction: An interesting claim, which seems to have a similar status to Ockham's Razor. Its best justification is pragmatic, and concerns strategies for coping with a big messy world. Russell's defence is in 'as much as possible'.

21. Aesthetics / B. Nature of Art / 8. The Arts / a. Music

5063	Music charms, although its beauty is the harmony of numbers [Leibniz]
	Full Idea: Music charms us although its beauty only consists in the harmony of numbers.
	From: Gottfried Leibniz (Principles of Nature and Grace based on Reason [1714], §17)
	A reaction: 'Only'! This is a super-pythagorean view of music, as you might expect from a great mathematician. Did he understand the horrible compromises that had just been made to achieve even-tempered tuning? Patterns are the key, as always.

23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 3. Virtues / a. Virtues

7903	The six perfections are giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom [Nagarjuna]
	Full Idea: The six perfections are of giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom.
	From: Nagarjuna (Mahaprajnaparamitashastra [c.120], 88)
	A reaction: What is 'morality', if giving is not part of it? I like patience and vigour being two of the virtues, which immediately implies an Aristotelian mean (which is always what is 'appropriate').