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4 ideas
5. Theory of Logic / B. Logical Consequence / 5. Modus Ponens
8078
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Modus ponens is one of five inference rules identified by the Stoics [Chrysippus, by Devlin]
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5. Theory of Logic / D. Assumptions for Logic / 2. Excluded Middle
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Every proposition is either true or false [Chrysippus, by Cicero]
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5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 5. Functions in Logic
8490
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First-level functions have objects as arguments; second-level functions take functions as arguments [Frege]
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5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 6. Relations in Logic
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Relations are functions with two arguments [Frege]
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