All Themes in alphabetical order

Click a theme to show the ideas. Idea totals in red. Scroll down or click on an initial letter:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

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	A
10	A posteriori necessary	knowing what has to be, by means of experience
20	A priori analytic	a priori knowledge comes from the meanings of words
19	A priori as necessities	a priori knowledge is an insight into necessary truths
7	A priori as subjective	a priori knowledge is the product of individual minds-
6	A priori contingent	knowing what happens to be, just through thought
11	A priori denied	there is no possibility of real knowledge a priori
15	A priori from concepts	a priori knowledge only arises from our concepts
6	A priori from convention	a priori knowledge simply reports our social consensus
22	A priori knowledge	nature of knowledge acquired by pure thought
22	A priori necessary	knowing what must be, just through thought
26	A priori synthetic	a priori knowledge which refers to the external world
7	A priori, pure	a priori knowledge as the produce of pure reason
33	Abortion	attitudes to terminating a life before birth
26	Abstract / concrete	general ideas about the abstract/concrete border
13	Abstract existence	existing non-causally and outside space-time
22	Abstract thought	general concepts not about concrete objects
5	Abstracta by conflation	treating abstractions as actually sets or universals
40	Abstracta by equivalence	defining abstraction by the principle of equivalence
2	Abstracta by example	defining abstract entities by offering examples
23	Abstracta by ignoring	creating abstractions by ignoring some features
7	Abstracta by negation	defining abstractions by specifying what they are not
24	Abstracta by selection	mental acts which create abstract concepts
7	Abstracta problems	difficulties in understanding abstract objects
17	Abstracta, modern	examples amd principles of modern abstracta
16	Abstracta, nature of	what we should take abstract object to be
5	Abstracta, need for	why we might postulate non-physical objects
26	Abstraction by mind	singling out properties and parts of reality for special attention
6	Abstraction, levels of	possible degrees or levels of abstraction
28	Abstractionism critique	reasons to reject the abstractionist explanation
6	Acting on belief	action seen as a response to beliefs
5	Action as movement	treating actions as (mainly) bodily movements
1	Action as trying	action is the trying to do it, not the movement
4	Action cognitivism	intention to act is a relevant belief about the action
7	Action duration	fixing the start, duration and end of an action
12	Action theory	general ideas about the nature of action
2	Actions and events	relationship between actions and mere events
5	Ad Hominem fallacy	attacking an opponent's motives instead of their arguments
12	Adverbial theory of perception	qualities are not objects but ways in which a perception occurs
22	Aesthetic attitude	distinctive frame of mind in aesthetic experience
9	Aesthetics	general ideas about the study of art and beauty
9	Agent causation	agency as a distinctive type of natural causation
10	Agrippa's trilemma	all three justification structures look hopeless
18	Altruism	placing the concerns of others before one's self
4	Ambiguity	what double meanings show about language
8	Analogy arguments	attempting proof by comparison with similar cases
10	Analysis by division	dividing a concept into component parts
13	Analysis by logic	using logic as a tool for analysing concepts and truths
19	Analysis limitations	why analysis is trivial, limited or hopeless
28	Analysis of concepts	analysis concentrating on contents and source of concepts
38	Analysis of language	analysis focusing on formal or ordinary language
8	Analysis of preconditions	giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a truth or event
17	Analysis, nature of	strategy and value of breaking down ideas and reality
7	Analytic / synthetic	distinction between real assertion and the purely verbal
17	Analytic / synthetic critique	rejection of sharp distinction between real and verbal assertion
20	Analytic propositions	propositions that just seem to be about words
12	Analytic truths	propositions that are true simply because of their words
27	Anarchism	self-rule by citizens, and abolition of government
7	Ancient thought, historical	landmarks in Greek thought, and other early cultures
7	and	role of 'and' in systems of logic
5	Angels	the nature of angels in theology and metaphysics
18	Angst	life permeated by insecurities and meaninglessness
12	Animal minds	whether animals have consciousness and reason
33	Animal rights	society's attitude to how animals are treated
2	Animal souls	whether any animals have immortal souls
3	Animism	belief that many spirits inhabit parts of nature
7	Anomalies in science	observations which contradict current theories
13	Anomalous monism	mind is a causal oddity in a physical world
12	Anti-individualism	individuation of minds must also refer to externals
1	Anti-matter	mirror images of particles in normal matter
9	Antinomies of reason	major clashes in our understanding in Kantian thought
36	Anti-realism	either denial of external reality, or of its having knowable structure
21	Aporiai	conflicts of thought that baffled and provoked the Greeks
9	Argument	reasoning and persuasion in general
10	Arithmetic	logical operations with natural numbers
2	Arithmetic, 'Baby'	a very simple axiomatisation of arithmetic, to show basics
21	Arithmetic, its incompleteness	discovery that axioms can't prove all truths of arithmetic
2	Arithmetic, Robinson	an intermediate axiomatisation of arithmetic, to show basics
39	Art and morality	relationship between moral and aesthetic values
8	Art and objectivism	possibility that aesthetic judgements can be true
19	Art as expression	personal expression is the essence of art
10	Art as form	form is the essence of works of art
2	Art as imitation	imitation is the essence of works of art
8	Art as Institution	art only makes sense within a social institution
4	Art as language	art is best understood as a language
10	Art defined	possibility of a general definition of art
9	Art, its ontology	in what sense varies types of art actually exist
14	Art, its value	value of art for individuals and in society
11	Artefact essence	essence of objects made by creatures
11	Artificial intelligence	possibility of building thinking/conscious machine
4	Artistic copies	relative nature and value of copies of artworks
6	Artistic emotion	role of feelings in artists, works and audiences
15	Artistic intentions	status of an artist's intentions in aesthetics
4	Artistic representation	nature of representation of reality in the arts
4	Assertion	stating something while claiming it is true
19	Associationism	knowledge built by ideas forming links in the mind
35	Atheism	denial of the existence of any gods
40	Atomism	lowest level of matter is tiny indivisible parts
29	Authentic self	changing one's self into something more genuine
4	Authority, its value	someone who creates trust by enforcing contracts
3	Authority, natural	power derived from natural superiority or strength
6	Autocracy	government controlled by a single person
1	Awareness logic	logic that adds awareness to the logic of knowledge
31	Axiomatisation	giving basic truths from which some system is deduced
	B
25	Barcan formula	formula relating possibility to existence
11	Basic substances	proposals for one basic substance in nature
42	Basis of justice	grounds for correcting unfairness in society
19	Bayes's theorem	equation showing probability of an inductive truth
33	Beauty	beauty as a quality in minds and objects
15	Beauty in nature	beauty in people, life and landscape
12	Becoming	transition from being to existence
11	Beginning, the	first moment of the universe
13	Behaviour, potential	mind as a collection of dispositions to behave
7	Behaviourism	mind is no more than the sum of behaviour
25	Behaviourism critique	reasons why behaviourism is false
29	Being	the nature of pure being
5	Being and existence	contrast between being and actual existence
9	Being and nothing	how being and nothingness relate
16	Being as particular	being as only found in substances or particulars
12	Being deflated	denial that much of interest can be said about being
15	Being, primary	concept of a mode of being prior to all others
5	Belief control	controlling external factors to produce beliefs
9	Belief holism	the context required for beliefs
15	Belief, cause of	what triggers beliefs
28	Beliefs	mental state aiming at truth (Gk. doxa)
4	Beliefs in animals	whether animals believe things
15	Beliefs, basic	contents and origin of foundational beliefs
10	Beliefs, elements of	the components that make up beliefs
26	Beliefs, their aims	the purpose or aim of beliefs
5	Benefit	goodness is whatever brings benefit
4	Bible, the	authority of the main Christian texts
10	Biological ethics	ethics derived from needs of evolution
3	Biology	scientific study of living things
20	Bivalence in reason	propositions can only be true or false
2	Black holes	collapsed stars emitting no light
7	Blindsight	evidence of perception without consciousness
30	Boredom	there seems to be nothing worth doing
16	Brain, the	philosophically interesting features of the brain
39	Broad content	meanings aren't in the head ('Externalism')
13	Buddhism	attempt to rise to a pure life by elimination of desire
	C
13	Caesar problem	explain why Julius Caesar can't be a number
42	Capitalism	society driven by private production and profit
8	Cardinal numbers	numbers relating to total rather than position
8	Cat and its tail	objects contained within other objects
27	Categorical Imperative	seeing a universal rule as an inescapable duty
21	Categories	general ideas about how to group what exists
6	Categories of understanding	mind imposes some categories onto possible experience
23	Categories, proposed	actual suggestions for structure of categories
19	Categorisation	how the mind approaches putting things into categories
18	Category anti-Realism	belief that our categories can't or don't map reality
11	Category mistakes	overview of confusions in attributions to things
1	Category mistakes, ontological	category mistakes as result of misunderstanding reality
5	Category mistakes, pragmatic	category mistakes as result of confusions in a context
11	Category mistakes, semantic	category mistakes as result of confusions of meaning
5	Category mistakes, syntactic	category mistakes as result of syntax errors
11	Category realism	belief that our categories can or do map reality
13	Causal argument	claim that mental causation requires physicalism
32	Causation	general comments on the nature of causation
6	Causation perceived	instant assumption of causal relations in perception
5	Causation, as primitive	causation is an unanalysable basis of nature
31	Causation, by necessity	causation as necessitated by nature
19	Causation, conditions of	analysis of situation that leads to an event
24	Causation, constant conjunction	causation as a regular link between event-types
37	Causation, counterfactual	causes explained in terms of alternative events
19	Causation, eliminating it	scepticism about the whole idea of causation
19	Causation, its direction	explain the past-to-future direction of causes
28	Causation, naturalised	causation explained in terms of natural phenomena
22	Causation, nomological	causes as aspects of lawlike behaviour
11	Causation, observation of	extent of the observability of a cause
10	Causation, probabilistic	causation in terms of probable consequences
41	Causation, relata	categories of item connected by causation
5	Cause, final	Greek view of ultimate aim as the cause
14	Cause, selecting the	naming 'the' cause among the pre-condtions of events
21	Cause, types of	categories of links between successive events
9	Causing death	moral issues about terminating a life
5	Centralisation, political	increasing control by a dominant group
35	Certainty	possibility or necessity of certainty in knowledge
7	Certainty, common sense	'Moorean' certainty, that direct experience trumps any argument
10	Chance	facts that seem to have no particular cause
29	Change	how existence can persist even when becoming different
48	Character	concern with good persons, rather than actions
21	Charity, principle of	assume people aim to speak truth
20	Chemistry	general ideas about behaviour of molecules
11	Chinese Room	counterexample of non-conscious function
36	Christianity	general ideas about the Christian religion
5	Chromodynamics	general principles of the strong nuclear force
42	Chronology, ancient	events in philosophy up to 642 CE
16	Chronology, earlier European	events in philosophy from 643 CE to 1600
27	Chronology, later European	events in philosophy from 1601 to 1878
33	Chronology, modern philosophy	events in philosophy since 1879
8	Circularity in reason	line of reasoning which just leads back to its start
39	Citizenship	qualifications, duties and rights of a citizen
4	Closure of physics	laws of physics can give a complete account of everything
33	Cogito critique	objections to the necessary existence of a thinker
30	Cogito, the	Descartes' claim that his own existence is self-evidently and necessary
1	Cognitive bias	prior knowledge distorts assessment of new evidence
24	Coherence	principles of mutual support between propositions
23	Coherence truth	truth is when propositions effectively fit together
8	Coherence truth critiique	criticism of the coherence theory of truth
10	Coincident objects	two objects that ompletely overlap
10	Commensurability in science	possibility of comparison between theories
5	Commitment by predicates	ontological commitment of predication
9	Commitment by quantifiers	ontological commitment of 'all' or 'some'
21	Commitment in ontology	nature of existence commitments
17	Commitment in ontology problems	troubles with theories of commitment
11	Commitment of theories	ontological commitment of serious theories
9	Common Sense	everyday thought, treated with respect
40	Communism	strong control to achieve equality and good lives
35	Communitarianism	nature of politic systems based on community
13	Communitarianism, against	reasons against over-emphasis of community
17	Compactness in logic	satisfaction by satisfying the finite subsets
20	Compassion as virtue	sympathetic concern for others' pain
12	Compatibilism	free will is possible in a deterministic worlc
14	Completeness in logic	all the truths of a system are formally deducible
2	Complex numbers	numbers built from square root of -1
23	Composition of objects	objects seen as made up of their parts
16	Compositionality	sentence meaning as built up from its components
12	Conatus/Striving	basic inbuilt drive for survival and self-benefit
26	Conceivable as possible	if conceivable then it is possible
10	Conceivable but impossible	seems conceivable when not actually possible
29	Concepts	general ideas about concepts
7	Concepts and language	general ideas on the relation of concepts and language
5	Concepts are linguistic	claim that without language there are no concepts
18	Concepts as abilities	concepts as abilities to believe, decide and reason
5	Concepts as family resemblance	concepts cover groups which loosely resemble
23	Concepts as prototypes	concepts as built around typical examples of things
8	Concepts as representations	concepts as mental states representing reality
10	Concepts from exemplars	groups of similar observations generate concepts
6	Concepts in philosophy	how philosophers tend to see concepts
7	Concepts in psychology	how psychologists tend to see concepts
4	Concepts without language	possibility of non-linguistic concepts
13	Concepts, analysis of	possibility of breaking a concept down into elements
14	Concepts, classical	concepts as necessary and sufficient conditions of groups
9	Concepts, empirical	concepts as derived most from experience
20	Concepts, Fregean	concepts as meanings, distinct from a word's reference
15	Concepts, nativist	concepts as innate or native ingredients of minds
13	Concepts, origin of	general ideas on the origin of mental concepts
16	Concepts, theory theory of	concepts as components of our theories of reality
4	Conceptual atomism	concepts are atomic, and have no internal structure
4	Conceptual dualism of mind	there is one substance, but our concepts are dualist
4	Conceptual priority	how concepts depend upon one another
9	Conceptual structure	whether concepts have structure or are atomic
8	Conceptualism in mathematics	maths is just a set of human concepts in minds
11	Conditionals	general ideas about conditionals
15	Conditionals, non-truth-functional	conditional truth adding to the components
6	Conditionals, pragmatics of	practical conventions for uttering conditional statements
6	Conditionals, suppositional	conditionals only interested in true antecedents
25	Conditionals, truth-functional	conditional truth based entirely on components
6	Conditionals, types of	ways to categorise types of conditionals
1	Confucianism	traditional Chinese set of rules for living
14	Connectionism of mind	mind is the sum of many associations/connections
31	Connectives in logic	general role and status of logical connectives
3	Connectives, basic	minimal connectives needed for a logic system
21	Consciousness	general ideas about consciousness
18	Consciousness, cause of	what causes minds to be conscious
12	Consciousness, its essence	the defining aspect of being conscious
7	Consciousness, parts of	different parts of a conscious mind
12	Consciousness, purpose of	reasons why our minds are conscious
6	Consequence types	different modes of logical consequence
7	Consequence, deductive |-	following from a formula in proof-theory
16	Consequence, semantic |=	fitting with the truth of some formulae
34	Consequentialism	only good consequences matter in morality
13	Conservatism	government based on cultural tradition and stability
3	Consilience	convergence of widening explanations
10	Consistency in logic	a set of sentences are held to be simultaneously true
2	Constants in logic	terms, such as names, which have a fixed value
21	Constitution of objects	objects should be understood as what they are made of
16	Constructivism in mathematics	maths is entirely created by the human mind
13	Contemplation as virtue	pure thought as a possible virtue
26	Content	how minds internally represent reality
10	Contextual meaning	aspects of meaning which are decided by context
3	Contiguity perception	linking memories by the same time or same place
19	Continental philosophy	key shared characteristics of continental modern philosophy
10	Contingency	facts which could be otherwise
15	Continuum hypothesis	denial of a cardinality between naturals are reals
8	Contract strategies	subtle ways of getting what you want from people
25	Contractarianism	morality as doing favours in order to receive them
4	Contractualism	morality is being able to give good reasons
5	Contradiction in logic	when two statements are in logical conflict
9	Contraries	could both be false, but can't both be true
8	Conventionalism in logic	logic is just a set of rules and concepts agreed by people
7	Corpuscles	matter is just collections of smaller parts
13	Correspondence to facts	how things are, independently of thought
35	Correspondence truth	truth is a successful match between mental states and reality
28	Correspondence truth critique	criticism of the correspondence theory of truth
21	Cosmological proof of God	existence of nature proves God exists
16	Cosmology	origins and nature of the universe
10	Counterfactual claims	laws as involving claims about other possible worlds
23	Counterfactuals	facts in worlds different from the actual world
31	Counterpart identity	there are only closely resembling possible entities
32	Counting procedure	procedure for finding the size of a group of things
12	Counting via concepts	grouping by concept for counting
8	Counting via correlation	matching items together for counting
15	Courage as virtue	virtuous resistance to fear and danger
34	Criterion for existence	what is the hallmark for deciding what exists?
4	Critical theory	social theories aiming at awareness of their own context
12	Cultural relativism	role of culture in shaping individual knowledge
13	Culture	customs, values and habits of citizens in society
5	Cyrenaic school	Greek school which made personal pleasure central
	D
18	Dasein	being as directly experienced by humanity
14	De re / de dicto modalities	modes of reality, or modes of statement about it
28	Death's value	significance of death for living people
7	Decidability in logic	are positive or negative answers always possible?
11	Deconstruction	wisdom can only draw attention to human presuppositions
10	Defeasibility	must justification ensure that nothing can defeat it?
21	Definite descriptions	descriptions which seem to pick out a unique item
11	Definition, against	pursuit of definition is hopeless or pointless
19	Definition, aims of	what a definition is trying to achieve
23	Definition, by genus / differentia	its class, and then its distinguishing feature
14	Definition, contextual	definition relying wholly on facts about context
9	Definition, impredicative	definition that doesn't introduce a new concept
7	Definition, ostensive	definition by pointing out one or more examples
25	Definition, real	give the true nature of something, not just a description
2	Definition, recursive	specify one item, and a rule to produce more of them
4	Definition, stipulative	definition by simply decreeing what a concept means
11	Definition, types of	whether there are different sorts of definition
19	Definitions	specifying one word by means of others
5	Deism	belief in a remote and detached God
38	Democracy	what democracy is
15	Democracy, against	reasons for doubting democratic politics
9	Democracy, direct	decisions are made by most of the population
23	Democracy, representative	the people chose a small group to govern
23	Democratic consultation	government's consultation, by plebiscite or election
8	Democratic minorities	rights of minorities in a democracy
27	Demonstration in science	proving physical facts by observation and reason
9	Denial	stating something while rejecting its truth
5	Denoting	the picking out of some specific thing
24	Deontology	moral theories centring on the idea of duty
4	Descriptions	general ideas about stating characteristics of objects
25	Descriptions, theory of definite	rewriting of descriptive terms to show underlying logic
18	Desire to act	desires and emotions as the main motivator of action
1	Desires	the raw desire for self-indulgence
22	Despotism	corrupt single leader who abuses a state
31	Determinism	natural causes have no room for free will
5	Devolution, political	dispersal of power to the people and regions
37	Dialectic	approaching truth by discussion and analysis
3	Difference principle	bias towards equality when designing a society
13	Dilemmas	situations with conflicting motives to act
16	Direct realism	we are in direct contact with reality
3	Disjunctivism	justification has separate internal and external components
25	Dispositions	idea of a disposition towards certain behaviour
13	Dispositions and powers	relation of dispositions to underlying active powers
12	Dispositions as conditional	dispositions understood as hypothetical behaviour
11	Dispositions as occurrent	dispositions only exist when behaviour occurs
5	Dispositions as potential	dispositions as potential states for possible behaviour
17	Divine contradictions	contradictions in our concept of a supreme being
15	Divine moral decree	God as the authority behind morality
11	Divine morality	general ideas on God and morality
42	Divine nature	characteristics of a supreme being
21	Divine perfections	existence of good qualities in their purest form
16	Domain of quantification	specifying the objects from which quantifiers select
14	Double effect	assessing effects against side effects of an act
22	Dualism of mind	mind and matter are two quite different substances
32	Dualism of mind critique	view that dualism is impossible or incorrect
6	Dualist religion	religions based on two opposed gods
44	Duty	nature of duty and its underpinnings
1	Dynamic logics	logic that allows for changes in objects and properties
	E
3	Ecology	human life as part of the Earth's whole biosphere
19	Education principles	principles and values in educating the young
15	Educational aims	what educators should try to achieve
13	Electrodynamics	general principles of electromagnetism
11	Electrons	particle constituting the shells of atoms
2	Electro-weak unity	unifying the weak and electromagnetic forces
29	Elements, ancient	early theories of basic components of matter
9	Elements, modern	92 natural elements, and some further ones
8	Elenchus	Socrates' use of interrogation for philosophy
19	Eliminativism of mind	there is no such thing as mind, only the brain
23	Elite rulers	rule of a small group, by talent, birth or wealth
9	Emergentism of mind	mind as a product of complex matter
7	Emotion as feeling	phenomenal experience of emotions
11	Emotions and reason	relationship between emotions and reason
12	Emotions, basic	attempts to pick out key emotions
13	Emotions, controlling	limits and ways of controlling emotions
17	Emotions, nature of	essential nature of an emotion
20	Emotions, role of	role played by emotion in mental life
5	Emotions, types of	attempts to categorise emotions
37	Empirical arithmetic	the view that mathematics is rooted in experience
19	Empirical arithmetic, against	denials that mathematics is rooted in experience
38	Empiricism	knowledge is essentially derived from experience
38	Empiricism, critique	rejection of knowledge arising just from experience
20	Empiricism, in favour	reasons for favouring the empirical view of knowledge
9	Energy	universal physical stuff involved in all actions
6	Energy, conservation of	energy cannot be created or destroyed
2	Entailment in reason	if P is true then Q has to be true
6	Entropy	inevitable gradual dispersal of universal energy
10	Enumerability in logic	whether all formulae in a system can be specified
13	Epiphenomenalism of mind	mind as by-product of matter, having no effect
3	Epistemic logic	Inferences between known and believed propositions
10	Epistemic virtues	values and qualities need for good justification
7	Epistemology naturalised	justification is the mechanics of successful belief-formation
25	Equality, economic	equality of wealth ansd earning ability
41	Equality, grounds of	reaons for viewing and treating people as equals
4	Equality, legal	equality of citizens before the law
5	Equality, natural	equalities implied merely by being human
17	Equality, political	equality of involvement in running society
7	Equivalence classes	classes created by close relationships of members
6	Eristic	argument as a competition rather than for truth
9	Error	how incorrect judgements occur
22	Essence and laws	relationship between essences and laws of nature
33	Essence and properties	essence consists of a set of properties
21	Essence as definition	essence just is the successful definition of a thing
14	Essence as definition	essence as what figures in a successful definition
21	Essence as explanation	essence is what intrinsically explains a thing
21	Essence as necessary properties	essence just is necessary properties
24	Essence for unity	essence is what unifies the parts of a thing
22	Essence not necessities	essence is different from necessary properties
40	Essence, individual	each individual has its own distinct essence
29	Essence, nominal	essence as derived from experiences of objects
17	Essence, types of	distinctions about how essence should be understood
27	Essences of objects	idea that objects have essences, as well as other features
19	Essences, knowledge of	how we might know the essence of an object
15	Essences, knowledge of	whether we can know essences, and if so, how
7	Essential parts	parts of objects seen as essential to it
34	Essentialism critique	reasons to deny the existence of 'essences'
9	Essentials are necessary	what is essential is also necessary
10	Eternal recurrence	implications of having to live the same life over and over
7	Ethical cognitivism	there is objective knowledge to be had about ethics
25	Ethical egoism	view that people should put themselves first
10	Ethical non-cognitivism	there is no objective knowledge about ethics
29	Ethical theory	the need for, and value of, formal ethical systems
15	Ethics defined	can we specify exactly what ethics is?
11	Ethics from ideals	ethics deriving from a few simple lofty concepts
11	Ethics from nature	stoic view of learning how to live from nature
33	Ethics from reason	pure reason produces ethical values and principles
10	Ethics, preconditions for	what is needed to created an ethical system?
8	Ethics, purpose of	why do we have systems of ethics?
7	European thought, early	landmarks of general European thought, 600 CE - 1600
13	European thought, later	landmarks of general European thought, 1601 - 1878
11	Euthanasia	attitudes to mercy-killing for the very ill
20	Euthyphro question	which comes first - morality or God(s)?
18	Events	what we should take events to consist of
11	Events as primitive	treating happenings as basic ingredients of existence
19	Events reduced	explaining happenings in terms of another mode of existence
17	Evidence	experiences and facts pointing towards knowledge
9	Evidentialism	justification entirely concerns strength of evidence
9	Evil	value opposed to what is good
21	Evil, problem of	reasons for the existence of evil
23	Evolution	theory that life results from natural selection
28	Excluded middle	propositions must be either true or false
10	Existence and essence	natures as either malleable or fixed in character
18	Existence types	whether there is more than one type of existence
21	Existence, nature of	what it means for things to exist
18	Existence, reason for	why do things (or anything at all) exist?
17	Existential action	existentialist attitude to decisions and ethics
25	Existentialism	key to life is freedom and self-creation
15	Experiment in science	deliberate isolation of one cause or effect
3	Explaining people	modes of explanation needed for human behaviour
18	Explanation	general ideas about the concept of explanation
26	Explanation aims	what explanations are trying to achieve
9	Explanation as pragmatic	explanation as entirely related to human curiosity
34	Explanation by causes	explanation as showing the causes of events
14	Explanation by coherence	explanation by showing how it fits into other beliefs
4	Explanation by contrasts	using contrasting foil to home in on explanation
36	Explanation by essence	explaining by showing hidden natures in things
5	Explanation by function	explanation as showing a function or purpose
35	Explanation by laws	explain events by showing laws imply them
32	Explanation by mechanism	explanation by revealing underlying mechanisms
7	Explanation by probability	explain by showing what increases probabilities
5	Explanation by proof	proofs which also reveal why something is true
14	Explanation by reduction	explaining by reveal grounding or foundations
2	Explanation rejected	rejection of the whole idea that we 'explain' things
26	Explanation, best	aim of picking the best from among explanations
11	Explanation, best, critique	rejection of the possibility of 'best' explanations
34	Explanation, types of	picking out different styles of explanation
12	Explanation, ultimate	possibility of completely explaining anything
6	Explanation's direction	why one of two related things is the explainer
5	Explanatory gap	no prospect of fully explaining mind via brain
2	Expressibility in logic	limits of what can be said in a logical language
30	Expressivism in ethics	morality is just an expression of feelings
8	Extensional semantics	giving meaning by specifying which objects the meaning includes
5	Extensionalism in logic	semantic system built on reference to objects
8	External goods	role of luck and possessions in the good life
7	External justification, against	critiques of the external approach to justification
	F
21	Facts	general ideas about facts
6	Facts and truths	how facts relate to true sentences
4	Facts rejected	denial of such things as objective 'facts'
6	Facts, negative	whether denials and absences can be facts
12	Facts, types of	possible different types of fact
20	Faculties of mind	theory that each distinct capacity has a specific source
8	Fallacy	distinctive types of recurrent error in human reasoning
5	Fallacy of composition	attributing the properties of members to the set as a whole
1	Fallacy of division	attributing to whole set's properties to one of its members
13	Fallibilism in knowledge	beliefs can counts as knowledge even if they are not certain
8	Falsehood	how to understand failures to be true
21	Falsification in science	establishing that a fact or theory is not true
12	Fate	our own efforts are made pointless by determinism
12	Feminism	giving women a full role in government and society
11	Fictional mathematics	mathematics is purely invented, and is not true
12	Fictionalism	much of ontology is actually convenient fictions we create
12	Fideism	belief based on faith, without rational argument
14	Fields, in physics	foundational background containing particles
10	Fine deeds	actions which are intrinsically admirable
2	Fine-tuned universe	constants of nature having fruitful values
5	Finitism in mathematics	true mathematics only concerns finite quantities
19	Folk psychology	is the truth about minds found in normal speech?
25	Force	attractions and repulsions in physical nature
8	Form as causal	form as the source of an object's causal powers
8	Form as principle	form as the guiding principle of an object
11	Form as unifier	form as what bestows unity on an object
24	Formalism in mathematics	maths is the consequences of a set of symbols
16	Foundationalism	claim that knowledge foundations are possible
18	Foundationalism, critique	criticisms of existence of foundational beliefs
6	Foundationalism, in favour	support for existence of foundational beliefs
11	Foundations, empirical	experience is the foundation for knowledge
8	Foundations, rational	reson is the foundation for knowledge
8	Free logic	logic with no existence commitment for the quantifiers
6	Free rider problem	one who achieves maximum success by breaking contracts
7	Free will constraints	even if the will is free, it is compelled in some ways
20	Free will sources	what makes free will in humans possible
40	Free will, against	reasons for doubting that free will is possible
22	Free will, for	defences of the existence of wills which are free
30	Free will, its nature	what exactly a free will is understood to be
6	Freedom of belief	allowing citizens to form their beliefs individually
42	Freedom of lifestyle	extent to which citizens can live as they wish
10	Freedom of market	extent to which citizens can feely trade
16	Freedom of speech	extent to which opinions can be freely expressed
2	Freedom to leave	right to cease being the citizen of a state
8	Freedom, natural	freedoms implied merely by being human
9	Freedom, political	ability to participate in government of society
17	Fregean semantics	giving meaning in the manner laid out by Gottlob Frege
23	Friendship as virtue	close personal relationships as a virtue
9	Function for value	functioning well as a source of value
18	Functionalism critique	criticisms of the functionalist theory of mind
22	Functionalism of mind	mind is a causal network of functions
7	Functionalism, causal	mental states are defined in entirely causal terms
4	Functionalism, homuncular	mind as a team of small independent functional units
9	Functionalism, machine	mind is in principle a Turing machine
2	Functionalism, psycho-	minds exist as the result of brain function
5	Functionalism, teleological	mind as a set of interlocking purposeful functions
13	Functions in logic	elements in logical systems to create new objects
2	Fundamental types	types of thing which might be foundations for reality
3	Fundamentals in ontology	a possible bottom level for the structure of existence
4	Fuzzy logic	logic using infinite gradations between true and false
	G
3	Game theory	analysis and maths of relationship strategies
34	General will	consensus among citizens that justifies a state
33	Generalisation by mind	uniting similarities in reality into single propositions
31	Geometry	study of relationships of lines, points, and shapes
21	Geometry axioms	formal starting points for deriving geometry
13	Gettier problem	mere true justified belief doesn't ensure knowledge
9	God	existence and role of a supreme being
9	God and time	relationship between God, time and eternity
14	God is the good	view of morality as identical with God
18	God reflects humanity	God as a projection of humanity's own image
15	Golden rule in ethics	treat others as you would like to be treated
6	Good as knowledge	goodness is intelligence and knowledge
16	Good as pleasure	pleasure is the main good in life
6	Good as virtue	goodness is is excellent of character and behaviour
26	Good, Form of	goodness as a perfect and eternal idea
19	Good, types of	candidates for what is supremely good
11	Government	group who control a society
6	Government, executive	part of government which administers laws
3	Government, legislative	part of government which creates the laws
2	Government, size of	size of government in relation to the people
5	Gravity	weak long-range force attracting objects
77	Greek-English lexicon	English versions of key Greek philosophical terms
6	Green politics	focus on global issues concerning the environment
8	Grounding and explanation	how grounding relates to explanations
2	Grounding and reduction	how grounding relates to reductive accounts
25	Grounding, its nature	how we should understand the grounding relation
8	Grounding, relata of	what items are related in a grounding?
20	Grue problem	problem of a predicate which changes over time
	H
16	Haecceitism	indistinguishable worlds might still have different objects
21	Haecceity	a special property marking a thing's uniqueness
15	Happiness as eudaimonia	Greek concept of fulfilment/happiness/flourishing
18	Happiness, nature of	what is the intrinsic nature of happiness?
33	Happiness, route to	how can happiness be achieved?
14	Happiness, value of	how important is happiness?
11	Health	successful functioning of an organ or creature
2	Health as virtue	health as a natural good, and part of happiness
3	Heat	energy level resulting from molecular movement
14	Heaven	good place where good souls go as a reward
9	Hedonism	central aim of life being individual pleasure
4	Hell	bad place where bad souls go as a punishment
4	Heresy	contradictions of orthodox Christian doctrine
15	Hermeneutics	seeking rhetorical explanation instead of hard facts
16	Higher-order thought	consciousness as higher levels of thinking
8	Hinduism	Indian polytheism, including reincarnation
11	History of ideas	history of human ideas and their relation to cultures
20	History, study of	ideas about the study and teaching of history
11	Honour as virtue	high public esteem as a virtue
23	Human distinctiveness	what distinguishes humanity from other animals
4	Human error	possible explanations of why human error is possible
7	Human evil	possible explanations of why human evil exists
59	Human nature	human nature as source of good and bad
7	Human thought	what is distinctive about the way humans think
8	Humean supervenience	everything supervenes on some simple base
19	Hume's Principle	view that one-one correspondence is basis of numbers
15	Humour	explaining the nature and sources of what is funny
30	Hylomorphism	general ideas about form specifying matter
	I
7	I, reference of the word	what the word 'I' is taken to refer to
11	Idealisation	simplifiying experiences to make them precise and clear
19	Idealism	general thoughs about reality as ideas
38	Idealism, Absolute	reality is an ultimate unity of all ideas
15	Idealism, empirical	we are trapped inside our own experiences
23	Idealism, transcendental	reality exists with our cognitive structure
18	Ideas	mental events which internally represent reality
33	Identity	how we should understand the idea of identity
21	Identity between objects	two objects turning out to be one object
14	Identity defined	whether identity can be defined - and how
17	Identity in logic	logical assertions that that two objects are identical
3	Identity over time, denial of	objects are never strictly the same over time
18	Identity, relative	identity can only ever be in respect of some feature
13	If-thenism	logic is only inference without commitment to initial truths
13	Imagination	forming mental pictures, esp counterfactuals
39	Immortality	survival of the human soul after death
11	Implicature in conversation	unspoken rules of normal conversation
7	Impossibility	negative necessity - what never could be the case
8	Impossible worlds	possible worlds which contain contradictions
10	Incompleteness in logic	some truths of a system evade formal proof
19	Indeterminacy of translation	full translation may be a logical impossibility
15	Indexical semantics	giving meanings for terms that obviously depend on context
19	Indexical thought	thought which depends on a particular perspective
38	Indiscernible objects	objects between which no differences are detectable
17	Indispensability of mathematics	maths as a necessity for empirical investigation
40	Individuation by kind	picking out things by giving their kind
12	Individuation by location	picking out by location in spacetime
11	Individuation by properties	picking out by a unique set of properties
37	Individuation of objects	principles for picking out objects
27	Induction	obtaining general truth from many instances
12	Induction and reason	role of pure reason in inductive inference
32	Induction, its limits	why induction cannot justify generalised truths
14	Induction's aims	possible targets for inductive thinking
6	Infinite divisibility	endless dividing an interval between numbers
4	Infinite regress in reason	hopeless explanations which go on forever
11	Infinite, actual	treating an infinite collection as a complete thing
5	Infinite, potential	infinity as just not coming to an end
26	Infinite, the	the status and nature of infinity as a number
9	Infinitesimals	items too small to be measured
14	Infinity in nature	time or space or matter could be infinite
10	Infinity, cardinal	infinity as a collection of transcendent size
1	Infinity, countable	infinities that match up with the natural numbers
4	Infinity, mark of	what is distinctive about infinite numbers?
9	Infinity, ordinal	infinity as an unending ordered series
5	Infinity, uncountable	infinities beyond the bounds of natural numbers
16	Innate knowledge	knowledge that arise from within the mind
3	Inspiration	knowledge without evidence or reason
14	Instrumentalism in science	scientific truth is just what works in our theories
31	Intellectualism	all actions are guided entirely by reason
2	Intelligence	reasoning power of the mind
5	Intension	way a set of things is conceived
3	Intensional logic	logic that includes meanings and concepts, as well as objects
4	Intensionalism in logic	semantic system built on reference to properties
5	Intention, types of	possible different types of intention
4	Intentional stance	mind as a fiction created to deal with behaviour
23	Intentionality theories	how can intentional states be explained?
17	Intentionality, nature of	what exactly is intentionality?
6	Intentions of groups	possibility of joint or group intentions
4	Intentions reduced	explaining intentions by more basic ingredients
17	Intentions, nature of	intrinsic nature of a decisive mental state
18	Interactionism of mind	mind and matter mutually affect one another
8	Intermittent objects	objects which cease, and then return to existence
16	Introspection	learning about our minds by looking inwards
5	Introspection errors	misleading information that can come from introspection
24	Introspection limits	what may be unknowable by introspection
26	Intuition	direct awareness of knowledge
31	Intuitionism in ethics	we have an in-built morality detector
18	Intuitionism in mathematics	maths is built from intuitions and proofs
15	Intuitionist logic	logic which uses 'provable' in place of 'true'
10	Invariant knowledge	denial that standards of knowledge vary with context
8	Inverted qualia	one stimulus causing opposite experiences
8	Islam	worship one God, with Mohammed as prophet
13	Isomorphisms in logic	ways in which two models or theories map together
15	Iterative conception of sets	sets as a well-founded hierarchy built from scratch
	J
15	Judaism	followers of one god with a chosen people
20	Judgement, nature of	how we evaluate truth and falsehood
30	Justice as virtue	correct behaviour towards other people
31	Justification as coherence	proposal that coherent support creates knowledge
23	Justification as coherence critique	criticisms of the coherentist view
20	Justification as coherence, pro-	reasons in favour of the coherentist view
18	Justification by testimony	role of reports and beliefs of other people in justification
15	Justification issues	areas of interest concerning justification
1	Justification logics	logic that adds reasons for belief to the logic of knowledge
13	Justification requirement	why knowledge needs justification
14	Justification, causal	justification needs a causal link from facts to beliefs
18	Justification, contextual	defence of context as vital to knowledge claims
20	Justification, external	general issues about external justification
8	Justification, pragmatic	justification guided by practical needs and action
5	Justification, pro-external	reasons to favour externalist justifcation
24	Justification, pro-internal	reasons to favour internalist justifcation
14	Justification, reliabilism	reliability that is needed for secure knowledge
9	Justification, social	justification entirely concerns social consensus
	K
8	Knowing how	having a skill which may be inarticulate
40	Knowledge	situation of holding a set of reliable true beliefs
7	Knowledge argument	qualia knowledge goes beyond physical knowledge
4	Knowledge as convention	knowledge is just social convention (Gk. nomos)
17	Knowledge closure	are known implications of knowledge also known?
11	Knowledge first	knowledge is a basic concept, not to be analysed
5	Knowledge seeks truth	sole aim of knowledge is awareness of the truth
9	Knowledge, value of	importance and need for knowledge in humans
	L
16	Language holism	meaning always involves an entire language
19	Language of thought	brains have an in-built private language ('Mentalese')
7	Language relativism	role of language in shaping human knowledge
18	Law	the system used by a government to enforce laws
24	Law, natural	laws arising from the natural state of mankind
12	Law, rule of	the law has ultimate authority in the state
8	Laws and generalities	differences between general truths and real laws
6	Laws as numerical	laws of nature expressed just in numerical terms
13	Laws from universals	laws seen as necessary relations between universals
40	Laws of nature	nature and status of the regularities of nature
24	Laws of nature, against	rejection of the very idea that there are 'laws' of nature
17	Laws of nature, best system	laws are the simplest axioms that describe patterns
41	Laws of nature, regularities	laws are merely patterns in physical events
12	Laws of nature, strictness	whether laws are necessary, or their truth is qualified
9	Laws of thought	basic axioms of human reason
11	Laws, types of	possibility divisions of laws of nature into types
6	Legal positivism	laws as mere human inventions of social rules
18	Leibniz's Law	identical objects must have identical features or truths
10	Liberal community	liberal attitude to groups, cultures and nations
10	Liberal equality	importance of equality with liberalism
13	Liberal freedom	importance of freedom with liberalism
22	Liberal individualism	individuals in a liberal society
25	Liberalism basics	founding ideas of liberal politics
24	Liberalism critique	difficulties for liberal theory
21	Life	what distinguishes life, and its value
26	Life, the natural	quality of human life in a state of nature
10	Life's value	how and why we might value life itself
8	Limitation of size	sets as only limited by vastness that gives problems
6	Limits	the conclusion of a converging series
31	Limits of reason	extent to which our reason can reveal truth
5	Linguistic structuralism	understanding mind and knowledge by studying linguistic structures
11	Literature	philosophical aspects of literature
8	Living naturally	stoic attitude that virtue is natural living
27	Logic, classical	system of logic accepted as the modern norm
23	Logic, first-order	logic where variables only refer to objects
15	Logic, history of	origins of the various systems of formal logic
18	Logic, pure	logic as a completely self-contained subject
33	Logic, second-order	logic extending variables to predicates and relations
35	Logic, the overview	broad views about different systems of logic
23	Logic, value of	relative importance of logic in life and reason
24	Logical atoms	reality built up from the smallest components of logic
28	Logical consequence	defining when one idea logically follows another
36	Logical form	structure of a sentence relevant to its logical role
6	Logical sets	sets whose membership is defined by a concept
40	Logicism, critique	objections to the logicism view of maths
33	Logicism, early versions	first developments of the logicist idea
15	Logicism, neo-	revival of logicism after much criticism
20	Logos	broad Greek concept of understanding or giving reasons
57	Love	role of the feeling of love in moral behaviour
24	Löwenheim-Skolem theorems	group of theorems about models involving infinities
	M
7	Many-valued logic	logic using further values in addition to 'true' and 'false'
4	Mass in physics	quantity of matter in a thing
7	Material implication	truth of P implies the truth of Q
10	Mathematical induction	rule to get from axioms to general mathematical truths
8	Mathematical logic	logic that is used in the practice of mathematics
21	Mathematical platonism, against	reasons for doubting the existence of maths entities
34	Mathematical platonism, for	reasons for believing maths entities exists
30	Mathematics	discovered or invented, within or outside nature
11	Mathematics by intuition	mathematics is knowable directly by pure reason
15	Mathematics foundations	existence of fundamentals as a basis for mathematics
14	Mathematics is not set theory	denial that mathematics is just set theory
36	Mathematics is set theory	Identification of mathematics with set theory
11	Mathematics, its application	explaining the physical world using mathematics
8	Matter as extension	matter is just whatever occupies a space
13	Matter of an object	underlying material which is formed into an object
13	Matter, ancient	early Greek views on basic solid stuff
20	Matter, concept of	concept of matter emerging in modern physics
3	Matter, dark	unknown matter that restrains cosmic expansion
10	Matter, early modern	general 17thC views on matter
26	Mean, the	virtues as appropriate route between evils
30	Meaning	how one thing can represent another thing
15	Meaning as mental	meanings are essentially mental events
12	Meaning by role	meaning is a role in a large network
14	Meanings denied	doubts about the whole idea of meaning
9	Means and ends	target values, and values in achieving them
37	Memory	memory as source and preserver of knowledge
12	Mental causation	way in which thought causes events
24	Mental files	mind is like a filing system, with labelled folders
3	Mereological groups	collections of individuals with a unifying concept
27	Mereological parts	what is involved in being part of something else
22	Mereological sums	the concept of parts treated as one concept
45	Mereological wholes	the idea of summed parts as a single entity
23	Mereology	formalised general theory of how parts relate to wholes
9	Mereology axioms	basic principles for reasoning about parts and wholes
11	Mereology terminology	technical vocabulary used in formal mereology
19	Metaphor	using falsehoods to enhance understanding
37	Metaphysical systems	building a full interconnected overview of metaphysics
24	Metaphysics as conceptual	metaphysics as study of our conceptual schemes
25	Metaphysics as science	metaphysics as physical science at the highest level
20	Metaphysics beyond science	metaphysics as transcending natural science
14	Metaphysics, against it	rejections of metaphysics as a worthwhile activity
28	Metaphysics, nature of	nature of the most abstract philosophy
18	Metaphysics, possibility of	possibility of abstract wisdom through pure thought
9	Mind	general ideas about the mind
14	Mind, features of	observing features of a mind
25	Mind, its unity	unified character of the thinking mind
9	Mind, location of	decided where the mind is located
9	Mind, purpose of	what minds are for
10	Mind, questions about	questions to be decided about the mind
13	Miracles	seeing unnatural events as proof of God's existence
5	Modal argument	surely mind-brain connections are necessary?
18	Modal logic	general ideas about the nature of modal logic
15	Modal logic derivation rules	rules which are allowed in various modal logics
4	Modal logic symbols	symbols which are distinctive of modal logic
6	Modal logic systems	issues concerning the varieties of modal logic
6	Modal logic terminology	definitions of the main concepts used in modal logic
11	Modal logic, alethic	inference from truths concerning necessity and possibility
5	Modal system B	version imposing two conditions on accessibility
6	Modal system D	version with guaranteed access to some world
2	Modal system K	modern simple version, on which others build
1	Modal system K4	version imposing one condition on accessibility
7	Modal system S4	version imposing two conditions on accessibility
18	Modal system S5	strongest system, with three accessibility conditions
4	Modal system T	version imposing one condition on accessibility
8	Modalities	family of modalities that includes necessity and possibility
15	Modality from actuality	all modal facts are grounded in the actual facts
35	Models in logic	general features of logical models
7	Models in science	theoretical structures aimed at mapping reality
14	Modularity of mind	theory of separate units of the mind/brain
9	Modus ponens	rule that the entailment of a true formula is also true
4	Moments of existence	treating small units of time as among the things that exist
24	Monads	minimal purposeful units as basic to existence
21	Monarchy	hereditary or elected lifetime leader
3	Monotheism	view that there is just one god
3	Monotheistc religion	general idea that there can only be one god
6	Monotonicity in logic	if something is proved, nothing new can unprove it
6	Moral argument for God	proving God's existence from obvious morality
9	Moral luck	problem of unexpected moral outcomes
29	Morality as convention	morals as social rules, rather than private or true
8	Morality critique	objections to social codes of morality
10	Motion, laws of	basic principles constraining all movement
9	Motivation for altruism	reasons why other people's feelings matter
19	Motivation for duty	reasons why someone should want to do their duty
33	Movement	explaining why not all things are stationary
10	Multiculturalism	pluralist state which accepts varied cultures
24	Multiple realisability	lots of way to implement a thought
5	Multiverse	there exists a vast multitude of varied universes
8	Music	philosophical aspects of music
13	Mysterianism of mind	we are incapable of explaining the mind-body link
	N
9	Naïve conception of sets	sets as defined by absolutely any concept
5	Naïve realism	reality is just as it appears to be
32	Names	general ideas about how names function in sentences
6	Names eliminated	we can paraphrase names out of sentences entirely
13	Names with no object	name whose object does not exist
33	Names, descriptive	names imply information about the object
22	Names, referential	names do no more than pick out an object
10	Narrow content	meaning is inside the mind ('Internalism')
12	Nationalism	devotion to the state is the supreme political value
12	Natural evil	possible explanations of why natural disasters occur
8	Natural function	what components of nature are meant to do
28	Natural kind essence	essence as belonging to a particular natural kind
20	Natural kinds	general ideas about natural kinds
12	Natural kinds critique	objections to dividing nature into 'kinds'
9	Natural kinds defined	what exactly is a natural kind?
7	Natural kinds necessity	natural kinds in some way have to be as they are
13	Natural kinds reference	how language terms refer to natural kinds
13	Natural kinds source	what underlies the divisions of natural kinds
9	Natural kinds, knowing	how and how far we can know natural kinds
6	Natural numbers	the positive numbers used in counting
9	Naturalising reason	explaining reason as part of the natural world
6	Naturalism	there is nothing beyond what we call 'nature'
34	Nature	everything existing in known reality
14	Nature as mathematics	mathematics is the essence of reality
3	Necessity as primitive	necessities are self-justifying or self-evident
11	Necessity by convention	necessity comes from linguistic conventions
13	Necessity from concepts	necessity based on relations of concepts
17	Necessity from essence	necessity comes from the essence of actual things
5	Necessity in explanations	explanations as revealing necessities in events
25	Necessity in general	understanding the concept of necessity
20	Necessity, denial of	there is nothing necessary about the real world
28	Necessity, its sources	general views on what gives rise to necessity
40	Necessity, logical	necessity because of logic or definitions
29	Necessity, metaphysical	inescapable necessity as a feature of reality
18	Necessity, natural	necessary facts about the physical world
1	Necessity, normative	necessities of duty or ethical requirements
6	Necessity, transcendental	preconditions necessary for knowing the world
26	Necessity, types of	different ways in which things must be
3	Neutrinos	light unreactive particles pervading the universe
21	Nihilism	human life seems pointless and absurd
17	Nominalism in general	general ideas about nominalism
5	Nominalism in mathematics	denial of the real existence of mathematical objects
17	Nominalism, class	universals are classes of things
6	Nominalism, concept	universals are mental concepts
5	Nominalism, mereological	universals are wholes, though found in parts
9	Nominalism, of abstracta	denial of the real existence of abstract entities
16	Nominalism, of universals	denial of the real existence of universals
13	Nominalism, predicate	unversals are really just linguistic predicates
23	Nominalism, resemblance	universals are groups of resembling particulars
13	Non-being	non-being as the concept contrasting with being
2	Nonclassical logics	general ideas about logics which depart from standard logic
22	Non-contradiction	a proposition is claimed to be both true and false
6	Non-monotonic logic	logic that adjust its proofs when new premisses are added
8	Normativity	what ought to be true as an aspect of nature
13	not	role of 'not' in systems of logic
14	Number as adjectival	numbers as properties, rather than objects
3	Number definition	general ideas and proposals about defining numbers
7	Number one	status and nature of the number one
19	Number priority	which type of numbers is the most fundamental?
7	Number zero	status and nature of the number zero
20	Number, axioms for	general ideas about giving arithmetic a formal basis
46	Number, Fregean	Frege's view of numbers as extensions of classes
10	Number, Greek	basic principles of arithmetic according to the early Greeks
4	Number, von Neumann	Von Neumann's view of numbers as expanding sets
3	Number, Zermelo	Zermelo's view of numbers as nested sets
26	Numbers	general ideas concerning numbers
1	Numbers, imaginary	numbers which are negative when squared
25	Numbers, types of	the various families of numbers
	O
29	Object nihilism	denial that there are such things as unified objects
8	Objectification	tendency to treat properties and concepts as objects
41	Objectivity	seeing reality without a personal point of view
15	Objects in thought	objects as conceptual entities used in reasoning
16	Objects over time	general ideas about sameness of objects over time
17	Objects that change	how identity fares when an object's properties change
24	Objects, four-dimensional	objects extend in both space and time
17	Objects, impossible	status of 'objects' that can't actually exist
39	Objects, physical	what distinctively unifies physical objects
12	Objects, three-dimensional	objects extend in space, but not in time
8	Observation in science	attempt to neutrally perceive the environment
5	Occasionalism of mind	a third force (God) co-ordinates mind and matter
27	Ockham's Razor	'Do not multiply entities beyond necessity'
12	Omissions in actions	assessing consequences of failures to act
23	One, nature as	nature is really a single perfect object
17	Ontological dependence	things that rely on other things for their existence
38	Ontological proof critique	objections to the conceptual proof of God's existence
37	Ontological proof of God	concept of God implies necessary existence
15	Ontologies	nature of our theories about fundamental reality
22	Ontology of logic	overview of what must exist to enable logic
1	Open question argument	definitions failing by not resolving the problem
5	Opposites	concepts held to be totally opposed to each other
8	or	role of 'or' in systems of logic
10	Ordering in sets	ordered sets, and using sets to describe orderings
30	Ordinal numbers	numbers relating to position rather than total
21	Origin as essential	origin of an object is part of what is essential to it
7	Original social position	situation of persons prior to socialisation
4	Other minds	general ideas about other people's minds
12	Other minds by analogy	knowing other minds as like our own mind
6	Other minds scepticism	doubts about knowledge of other minds
22	Other minds, knowledge of	how we might know of other minds
	P
12	Panpsychism	all matter has a mental aspect to it
12	Pantheism	view that God and nature are identical
5	Paraconsistency	logic which accepts a degree of contradiction
4	Paradigms in science	set framework for understanding nature
5	Paradox	general ideas about meeting contradictions in thought
1	Paradox fo the Preface	problem with apologies in the preface of a book
9	Paradox of Achilles	problem when analysing a pursuit race
4	Paradox of Berry	problem with defining a number with maximum words
5	Paradox of Burali-Forti	problem arising when we think of the greatest ordinal
2	Paradox of Cantor	problem with the powerset of the universe
2	Paradox of Grelling ('heterological')	problem with concepts which describe themselves
1	Paradox of König	problem with denying that something can be defined
2	Paradox of Mirimanoff	problem with extending well-founded sets
2	Paradox of Richard	problem with defining a closed set of real numbers
7	Paradox of Russell	problem with self-membership of a set
6	Paradox of The Heap ('Sorites')	problem with defining what makes a heap
19	Paradox of The Liar	problem when liars refer to themselves
2	Paradox of the Lottery	problem when deciding whether your ticket will win
3	Paradoxes of time	contradiction is the precise analysis of time
8	Parallelism of mind	mind and matter don't touch, but run in parallel
7	Paraphrase	expressing a concept in a more convenient way
11	Particle properties	features found in various particles
19	Particularism	there are no rules, so we must attend to details
6	Pascal's wager	belief in God because it is a sensible precaution
25	Peano axioms	set of arithmetic axioms proposed by Dedekind and Peano
9	Peano axioms, 2nd-order	Dedekind-Peano axioms which also refer to properties
38	People, a unified	how many individuals count as a single people
36	Perception	process from raw experience to awareness of reality
21	Perception and inference	inference is an essential part of perception
10	Perception, causal theory	perception as a causal chain from world to mind
26	Perception, interpretation	role of interpretation in a direct act of perception
17	Periodic table	arrangement of modern elements in a pattern
1	Personification	attributing personal qualities to inanimate things
11	Persons as agents	concept of a person is needed for actions
5	Persons as ends	seeing rational beings as an ultimate value in actions
5	Persons as reasoners	concept of a person is needed for reasoning
5	Persons as responsible	concept of a person is needed for responsibility
9	Persons, their existence	whether persons really differ from human beings
31	Phenomenalism	reality is just actual and potential appearances
23	Phenomenology	approaching wisdom by examining human experience
2	Philosophical logic	overview of the directions of present and future logics
7	Philosophy as generalisation	philosophy aims at broad generalisations
2	Philosophy as healing	philosophy as a way to restore mental health
12	Philosophy as puzzles	philosophy deals with a set of basic puzzles
18	Philosophy as reason	philosophy explores where reason take us
12	Philosophy as transcendent	philosophy takes us beyond ordinary life
34	Philosophy as worldly	philosophy aims to understand the (human) world
32	Philosophy defined	attempts to define the whole subject of philosophy
32	Philosophy in general	general remarks about philosophy
7	Philosophy, 17th century	overview of philosophy from 1601 to 1700
10	Philosophy, 18th century	overview of philosophy from 1701 to 1800
7	Philosophy, 19th century	overview of philosophy from 1801 to 1878
6	Philosophy, classical	philosophy 410 to 322 BCE
1	Philosophy, contemporary	overview of philosophy in Europe 1956 onwards
48	Philosophy, despair over	view of the whole enterprise as hopeless
3	Philosophy, earlier medieval	philosophy 643 to 1299
8	Philosophy, history of	general ideas about the history of philosophy
11	Philosophy, hopes for	optimistic views of what philosophy can achieve
20	Philosophy, invocation to	encouragements to pursue philosophy
6	Philosophy, its divisions	systematic divisions of philosophy into main topics
2	Philosophy, late classical	philosophy from 100 BCE to 642 CE
3	Philosophy, later medieval	philosophy 1300 to 1470
2	Philosophy, middle modern	overview of philosophy in Europe 1921 - 1955
3	Philosophy, modern beginnings	overview of philosophy in Europe 1879 - 1920
7	Philosophy, pre-Socratic	philosophy up to 410 BCE
3	Philosophy, renaissance	philosophy 1471 to 1600
20	Physicalism	reality consists entirely of material things in space-time
14	Physicalism critique	attempts to prove that mind is not just physical
39	Physicalism of mind	mind is entirely physical in composition
2	Pi	ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle
28	Platonic Forms	Plato's separate reality of pure ideas
28	Platonic Forms critique	criticisms of Plato's theory of Forms
27	Platonic Forms, partaking	how particulars are said to relate to Forms
6	Platonic Forms, self-predication	whether forms exemplify their own quality
5	Platonism in logic	that logical entities have independent existence
8	Pleasure as an ideal	ideal life for believers in pleasure
14	Pleasure, its dangers	how can pleasure be harmful?
13	Pleasure, its role	what is the point of pleasure?
10	Pleasure, nature of	what exactly pleasure is
10	Pleasure, sources of	what sorts of things can give us pleasure?
16	Pleasure, types of	what types of pleasure are there?
27	Pleasure, value of	how important is pleasure in life?
13	Points in space	minimal units that make up space
13	Political ideology	general ideas about theories of political principle
14	Polytheism, Greek	early Greek religion, centred on Zeus and others
5	Population of humanity	global issues about the size of human population
10	Populations of states	appropriate size of a state's population
8	Positivism	belief in science as the only route to truth
41	Possibility	general ideas about what is possible
4	Possibility, combinatorial	possibilities are combinations of the actual
3	Possibility, epistemic	what seems to be possible, given what is known
6	Possible but inconceivable	possibe despite not being conceivable
9	Possible objects	whether non-actual objects might possibly exist
32	Possible worlds	existence of non-actual possible worlds
13	Possible worlds actualism	proposal that only our actual world exists
8	Possible worlds as fictions	possible worlds as complete consistent fictions
7	Possible worlds as propositions	possible worlds as maximal sets of propositions
13	Possible worlds realism	proposal that possible worlds really exist
17	Possible worlds semantics	giving full meaning by specifying some set of possible worlds
29	Possible worlds, against	there is no such thing as a 'possible world'
32	Possible worlds, nature of	overview of what we take possible worlds to be
13	Potentiality	possibilities of some specific thing
26	Power in society	ways in which states control their citizens
33	Powers	nature of underlying powers
29	Powers and properties	relation between powers and our view of properties
39	Powers as basic	powers seen as the foundation of physical reality
23	Powers as derived	powers as products of something more basic
24	Powers as essence	powers as giving the essential nature of each thing
18	Powers critique	criticisms of the idea that there are 'powers' in reality
32	Practical reason	reasoning processes that lead to action
24	Pragmatic truth	truth as the aim of enquiry
9	Pragmatism	knowledge is what works well in practice
1	Predicate Calculus completeness	that all the valid truths of PC are provable
3	Predicate Calculus PC	general ideas about standard predicate logic
6	Predicate Calculus rules	normal rules used in predicate logic reasoning
4	Predicate Calculus symbols	meanings of the symbols used in predicate logic
1	Predicate Calculus terminology	main technical terminology of predicate logic
25	Predicates in language	terms attributing characteristics to things
6	Predicates in logic	assigning predicates to objects in formulae
19	Predicativism	maths entities only allowed if freshly defined
18	Prediction	predicting events as support for a theory
17	Prescriptivism	morality is our assertion of universal duties
14	Present moment	nature of the present moment of time
30	Presentism of time	only the present moment exists
5	Presupposition	what is taken for granted in a conversation
17	Primary / secondary critique	criticism of the primary/secondary distinction
20	Primary / secondary qualities	dividing qualities into different types
21	Primary qualities	qualities considered independent of observation
11	Prime matter	most basic matter, with no form at all
3	Prisoner's Dilemma	situations where being rational brings failure
9	Privacy of mind	exceptionally private nature of thought
21	Private language	possibility of a solitary person having language
15	Probability	asserting the degree of likelihood of a fact
30	Processes	accepting purposeful sequences of happenings as existents
8	Promise keeping	logic and authority of keeping promises
14	Proof by natural deduction	proofs built from introduction and elimination rules
5	Proof by sequents	proof where every step is a proof and not just a formula
8	Proof by tableau	proof by eliminating branches on inference trees
7	Proof from assumptions	proofs which add assumptions to axioms and rules
7	Proof from axioms	proofs built up from some initially accepted truths
7	Proof in mathematics	establishing new certainties from a starting point
12	Proof of God	using reason to convince of God's existence
4	Proof systems	general ideas about the different proof systems
8	Proof, conclusive	securely establishing a result by precise defined steps
17	Properties as modes	properties as simply ways of existing
22	Properties as sets	properties are just classes of certain objects
30	Properties, as predicates	properties as purely linguistic concepts
29	Properties, categorical	actualised properties, rather than conditional ones
18	Properties, denial of	rejection of the category of properties
14	Properties, emergent	new properties only found at higher levels of existence
18	Properties, intrinsic	properties that involve no other objects
30	Properties, natural	properties which constitute the natural world
35	Properties, nature of	what we should take a property to be
9	Properties, need for	why philosophy might need the concept of a 'property'
17	Properties, types	how properties might be divided into different groups
5	Property (λ-) abstraction	device for referring to an expressed property
17	Property dualism	mind is a non-reducible physical property
48	Property rights	right to own land and personal possessions
8	Propositional attitudes	attitudes to propositions, such as belief, desire, hope, regret
12	Propositional Logic	overview of the logical relationships between propositions
1	Propositional Logic completeness	there is a proof for every valid formula
2	Propositional Logic soundness	any formula which has a proof is a valid formula
17	Propositional Logic, axioms	statements treated as true without question
18	Propositional Logic, basic theorems	very useful sequents provable in propositional logic
14	Propositional Logic, derivation rules	basic rules used in proofs of propositional logic
10	Propositional Logic, symbols	main symbols used for propositional and further logics
16	Propositional Logic, terminology	definitions of the main concepts in propositional logic
33	Propositions	ideas that exist independently from any language
20	Propositions as mental	propositions as features of thought
9	Propositions as possible worlds	propositions as sets of possible worlds
19	Propositions as sense	propositions as objective abstract entities
15	Propositions critique	rejection of the existence of propositions
14	Propositions, concrete	propositions as made of real objects
8	Propositions, unity of	what makes a proposition a unified entity
4	Protons	positive components of atomic nuclei
29	Psuche	Greek concept of the mind/soul/life
3	Psychologism in mathematics	maths only exists as human psychological states
4	Psychology	general structure of the mind's operations
13	Punish as retribution	punishment as giving offenders what they deserve
5	Punish to deter	punishment to frighten others away from crime
6	Punish to reform	punishment to improve a criminal's behaviour
22	Punish, right to	what grounds the right of the state to punish
14	Pure reason	idea of reason as independent of natural constraints
14	Purpose denied	no aspect of nature contains genuine purpose
13	Purpose, final	nature is directed by a unified purpse
17	Purpose, limited	aspects of nature are defined by purpose
	Q
12	Qualia and intentionality	how qualia relate to thoughts being about things
13	Qualia explained	theories that might explain qualia
17	Qualia, nature of	what we should take qualia to be
4	Qualities	perceived aspects of properties
8	Qualities in perception	nature of the characteristics we perceive
23	Quantification in logic	general ideas about expressing quantities of objects
24	Quantification, plural	quantifiers pick out collections, not just 'one+' or 'all'
11	Quantification, second-order	quantifiyng over both objects, and features or sets of objects
23	Quantification, substitutional	quantifiers range over expressions instead of objects
9	Quantification, unorthodox	non-classical ways of referring to the quantity of objects
4	Quantifier, existential ∃	symbol showing a variable refers to 'at least one' object
4	Quantifier, universal ∀	symbol showing a variable refers to 'all' objects
9	Quantifiers, classical	universal and existential quantifiers picking objects
4	Quantity	specifying amounts of things numerically
9	Quantity of an object	what gives an object its size and shape
13	Quantum mechanics	particles are partly wave and partly particle
3	Quarks	basic particles that make up the nucleons
4	Question begging	taking for granted the very thing you are trying to prove
	R
8	Ramsey sentences	procedure to reduce metaphysical commitment in theories
43	Rationalism	reason as ultimate basis of all knowledge
28	Rationality	general capacity for reason and logic
4	Rationality, animal	non-human capacity to reason
14	Rationality, human	human capacity to reason
16	Raven paradox	problem irrelevant evidence for a general law
29	Real numbers	all numbers, including those inexpressible as fractions
5	Real numbers from Cauchy	defining real numbers using Cauchy sequences
11	Real numbers from cuts	defining real numbers by cutting the line of rationals
42	Realism about externals	commitment to the existence of a reality outside our minds
25	Reality	sort of reality to which realists are committed
6	Reality's levels	reality has a structure of interdependent levels
34	Reason	general role of reason in mind and living
27	Reason, its aims	what good reasoning aims to achieve
17	Reason, its status	importance of reason in human life
22	Reasons to act	reasons have a distinct causal role in actions
6	Recollection, doctrine of	knowledge as memories from a previous life
1	Reductio ad absurdum	refuting by reducing to absurdity
25	Reduction in ontology	explaining higher levels of existence by lower ones
22	Reduction of mind	all mental events can be explained physically
10	Reductionism critique	arguments against reducing mind to brain
11	Reference as direct	thought connecting directly with external things
22	Reference by causal link	reference fixed by a causal link to something
25	Reference by description	reference is fixed by a description
12	Reference by society	reference fixed by persons beyond the speaker
12	Reference by speaker	reference fixed by what the speaker intends
29	Reference theories	way language-terms connect with things in reality
11	Relations in logic	role of terms which connect objects into relationships
4	Relations, ancestral	a relation which is passed from one thing to the next
2	Relations, equivalence	a transitive, symmetrical, reflexive relation
15	Relations, internal	relations as intrinsic features of the things that are related
35	Relations, nature of	what we should understand a relation to be
12	Relations, types of	ways relations can be categorised and formalised
31	Relativism	knowledge varies according to points of view
19	Relativism critique	criticism of the idea that there are only points of view
5	Relativity, general	gravity seen as curvatures of space-time
10	Relativity, special	interconnections of mass, velocity and energy
8	Relevant logic	logic which requires some relevance of antecedent to consequent
15	Reliabilism, against	objections to reliabilist justification
22	Religion in society	relative roles of a government and a people's religion
32	Religious belief	nature of belief in a conscious supernatural reality
5	Religious experience	proving God's existence from direct human experience
3	Religious falsification	whether any evidence could falsify a religious claim
4	Religious meaning	whether religious language lacks real meaning
3	Religious verification	whether a religious claim could be verified
23	Representation in perception	theory that mind represents in order to perceive
9	Representative realism	we know reality via mental representations
13	Resemblance perception	seeing recurrences of properties and structures
18	Respect	assigning value to the lives of others
35	Responsibility for actions	whether motives were sufficiently good
38	Responsibility, moral	when is a person morally responsible?
19	Revolution, political	overthrow of the government by citizens
24	Rhetoric	use of language for emotional influence
12	Right and good	distinguishing what is good from right action
10	Right feelings	the feelings required for a virtuous disposition
15	Rights, alienation of	people's choice to give up some rights
43	Rights, basis of	what can justify giving or withholding rights
4	Rights, moral	what gives an entitlement to be treated morally
22	Rights, natural	rights that seem to belong to any living creature
22	Rigid designation in identity	items with fixed identity in all possible worlds
9	Rivers' continuity	is a river the same as the water in the river?
6	Rule following	moulding behaviour or thought to fit some principle
	S
9	Sameness	how we should understand two things being 'the same'
12	Satisfaction in logic	evaluating as True after all truth assignments are made
3	Scattered objects	the identity of objects with separated parts
33	Scepticism	general doubts about the possibility of knowledge
30	Scepticism critique	ways of objecting to strongly sceptical claims
3	Scepticism from demons	experience is virtual reality from demon/scientist
7	Scepticism from dreams	apparent reality may be just a false dream
18	Scepticism from illusions	our confidence in perception is undermined by illusions
8	Scepticism, types of	different modes of scepticism that seem to arise
12	Science, its aims	knowledge gained by experiments
16	Scientific aims	what science is trying to achieve, in general
38	Scientific essentialism	basics of essence as foundation of the laws
17	Scientific essentialism critique	objections to essences in scientific investigation
26	Scientific essentialist necessity	natural necessity deriving from essences of kinds
39	Scientific theory	a generalised explanation of natural events
30	Scientism	science is the way to solve philosophical problems
32	Secondary qualities	qualities seeming to involve the observer
7	Self and consciousness	possibility that only conscious beings could have a Self
3	Self and its concerns	problems of the persistence of Self over time
21	Self and memory	relationship between the sense of Self and memories
15	Self and the body	a body is necessary for a sef
8	Self and thinking	role, and necessity, of a self for thinking
13	Self as associations	Self is a unity formed by associating mental events
2	Self as brain controller	self is the dominant part of the brain
4	Self as ethical	Self as an inseparable part of moral life
9	Self as higher awareness	Self as concerned with awareness of awareness
6	Self as indeterminate	the self is in a continual state of change
22	Self as mental continuity	Self as the continuity of our conscious existence
5	Self as non-physical	Self is a distinct substance
20	Self as presupposed	Self can be inferred to exist, rather than experienced
20	Self as psychological, critique	criticisms the Self as continuity of consciousness
13	Self as social construct	we see ourselves totally through social influences
2	Self as the brain	the self is primarily the brain
4	Self identity	deciding when two selves are actually identical
2	Self sustained by body	only body can sustain the self over time
24	Self, denial of	denial that there is any such thing as a 'Self'
6	Self, narrative	Self mainly concerns our stories, history aqnd plans
23	Self-evidence	knowledge that is immediately grasped or obvious
23	Self-identity	relation of identity holding between a thing and itself
18	Self-interest	concern for ourselves, in the context of morality
29	Self-knowledge	directly acquiring knowledge of our Selves
26	Semantics	general ideas about assigning meaning to symbols
23	Semantics of logic	logic when interpreted, rather than mere formal systems
7	Semantics, causal	content is fixed by what causes it
3	Semantics, conceptual role	content is fixed by its role in thought
2	Semantics, informational	thought content is primarily information
3	Semantics, teleological	selected functional purpose fixes content
17	Sense and reference	reference language has two components
17	Sense-data, nature of	what sense-data would consist of
19	Sense-data, problems	difficulties with the concept of sense-data
23	Sense-data, theory	theory that sense-data actually exist
4	Sense-data, unperceived	the status of sense-data when not perceived
11	Sentence meaning	whole sentences are the main units of meaning
34	Set axiom, Choice IX	axiom for a new set by sampling
3	Set axiom, Comprehension	axiom saying a set exists which satisfies a predicate
6	Set axiom, Constructibility V=L	possible axiom saying all sets are constructible
1	Set axiom, Empty Set IV	axiom asserting that there is an empty set
2	Set axiom, Existence	axiom that gets sets started
9	Set axiom, Extension I	axiom concerning what makes a set
6	Set axiom, Foundation VIII	axiom saying all sets have a preceding basis
13	Set axiom, Infinity V	axiom for a vast set based on successors
5	Set axiom, Pairing II	axiom for new sets by combination
5	Set axiom, Powers VI	axiom for a new set from any given set
10	Set axiom, Reducibility	outdated axiom saying functions reduce to basics
5	Set axiom, Replacement VII	axiom saying the bijection of any set is also a set
3	Set axiom, Separation	axiom that new sets must be separated from old ones
2	Set axiom, Specification	axiom to specify new sets
3	Set axiom, Unions III	axiom for new sets from parts
33	Set axioms	general points about the basics of set theory
30	Set Theory	general ideas concerning the theory of sets
23	Set theory critique	objections to the whole idea of set theory
4	Set theory paradoxes	inconsistencies resulting from set theory axioms
4	Set theory, basic theorems	useful simple theorems derived within set theory
19	Set theory, symbols	symbols which are distinctive of set theory
40	Set theory, terminology	main concepts which are distinctive of set theory
1	Sets as combinations	sets as merely combinations of things with identities
30	Sets, empty / null	status of a set having no members
10	Sets, infinite	sets which contain an infinity of members
10	Sets, natural	which sets are natural, rather than conventional
8	Sets, their existence	commitment to sets as really existint entities
4	Sets, types of	general ways of categorising types of set
12	Sets, unit / singleton	status of a set having a single member
14	Sexual morality	social issues concerning sexual relationships
19	Ship of Theseus	does his ship remain if its parts are steadily changed?
9	Simples	minimal small components that make up larger objects
16	Singular terms	any phrase intended to pick out a single object
31	Slavery	allowing workers to be unpaid and owned by others
31	Social contract	power derived from agreement among citizens
21	Social structure	formal statement of a society's structure and rights
13	Socialism	control of main beneficial institutions by society
8	Solipsism	only the contents of the thinker's mind exist
19	Soul	nature of the surviving part of a person
12	Soundness in logic	whether all formal deductions always lead to truth
13	Sovereignty	rightful power over citizens
13	Space	general ideas about space
8	Space as relational	space as entirely the relations between objects
16	Space as substantive	space that exists in its own right
16	Space-time	relative space and time, treated as one system
9	Speaker's intention meaning	meaning is what speaker's want to communicate
13	Species	dividing living things into distinct groups
18	Species essence	essence for animals is the species they belong to
5	Split consciousness	problems with the possibility of dividing consciousness or brain
11	Standard model of physics	main principles of the standard physics model
40	State, its purpose	reasons why a people forms itself into a state
8	States of affairs	reality as a collection of complex situations
38	Statue and clay	united objects with separate aspects
5	Strict Implication	it can never be that P is true and Q is false
8	String theory	vibrating strings explain all fields and particles
4	Structural relations	relations that build the structure of existences
23	Structuralism critique	objections to structuralism about mathematics
34	Structuralism in mathematics	general ideas concerning the structuralist approach
13	Structuralism, nominalist	structuralism denying real objects or real structures
12	Structuralism, platonist	structuralism with real objects or real structures
11	Structuralism, varieties of	proposed options for how to understand structuralism
15	Structure of objects	general ideas about how objects must be structured
7	Stuff, mixed	general masses with more than one ingredient
17	Stuff, pure	general masses which are fairly homogeneous
22	Subjectivism	knowledge is entirely 'down to the individual'
11	Sublime, the	the highest level of aesthetic experience
41	Substance	general ideas about notion of unified substances
21	Substance critique	objections to the very concept of substances
37	Substance defined	attempts to define what a substance consists of
3	Substance, end of	passing-away of a substance or object
6	Substance, need for	why we need the concept of substance
9	Substance, start of	coming-to-be of a substance or object
20	Substance, types of	varieties of entity that can count as substances
22	Substratum	an object's underlying aspect, apart from surface features
10	Successive things	things which need time in order to exist
23	Sufficient reason	claim that there is a reason for everything
26	Suicide	attitudes to a person taking their own life
18	Superman / übermensch	moral visionaries as the source of ethical systems
5	Supersymmetry	every particle once had a super-partner
30	Supervaluation for vagueness	narrowing down the vagueness
19	Supervenience of mind	total mapping of thoughts onto brain events
14	Supervenience, nature of	defining and elucidating supervenience
23	Supervenience, significance	what should be inferred from a supervenience
9	Supervenience, types of	distinguishing different forms of supervenience
15	Syllogisms of Aristotle	Aristotle's original account of formal syllogistic logic
14	Syllogistic Logic	general ideas about formal arguments in syllogism form
8	Synonymy	whether two items can have identical meaning
9	Syntax	purely structural or grammatical features of language
	T
8	Tabula rasa	'blank page' - minds begin with no knowledge
4	Taoism	suppress desire and reestablish unity with the cosmos
11	Taste	nature and status of good taste
5	Taxation	rights and extent of government taking citizens' wealth
19	Teaching	virtues and principles of good teaching
28	Teleological proof critique	denying that order and harmony prove God
32	Teleological proof of God	order and harmony of nature proves God exists
13	Temperance as virtue	restraint and rational self-control as a virtue
4	Temporal logic	Inferences across past, present and future
21	Temporal parts	things have parts in time, as they do in space
7	Temporal truths	knowledge of truths of past and future
5	Term logic	Sommers's modern updating of syllogistic logic
7	Theocracy	rule by a religious group
9	Theories in logic	complete sets of propositions derived from some start
4	Theory holism in science	theories can only be grasped as part of the whole
34	Thought	intentional activity of the mind
4	Thought experiments	imagining a situation to explore the principles involved
5	Time and change	relationship between time and physical change
4	Time and motion	understanding motion in relation to time
10	Time and tenses	meaning of verbs of past and future
13	Time as absolute	time is a real and unchanging backdrop to nature
8	Time as eternal	all times exist together, without division into parts
12	Time as growing block	past and present exist, but the future does not
10	Time as measure	time is our measure of passing events
10	Time as relative	time is relative to observers, objects and relations
11	Time denied	time does not actually exist
13	Time experienced	how we experience the nature of time
6	Time instants	smallest atoms in the division of time
4	Time intervals	brief sections in the passing of time
5	Time measuring	how we measure intervals and transits of time
13	Time series	type of series formed by events in time
6	Time travel	possibility of breaking out of a time series
7	Time without events	status of time when nothing moves or happens
9	Time, idealist	time as a feature of human consciousness
12	Time, tensed (A)	A-series, with the present as a distinctive moment
12	Time, tenseless (B)	B-series, of equal times, with no past-present-future
24	Time's arrow	that time seems to have one fixed direction
5	Time's beginning	whether time has a first instant
6	Time's rate	speed of the passing of time
3	Tracking facts	hallmark of knowledge is tracking facts if they shift
5	Transcendental argument	backwards reasoning to accepting presuppositions
6	Translation	expressing meanings of one language in another language
1	Transubstantiation	properties of bread and wine survive consumption
31	Transworld identity	can possible things be the same as actual things?
36	Tropes	the principles and concepts of trope theory
22	Tropes critique	arguments against the existence of tropes
32	Truth	whether truth exists, and what it is in general
9	Truth and metalanguage	using a separate language to define truth
18	Truth and satisfaction	'satisfaction' as a means of defining truth
7	Truth as minimal	truth defined formally, without ontology
13	Truth as redundant	truth is an unnecessary meaningless concept
35	Truth as semantic	significance of formal defintions of linguistic truth
25	Truth bearers	sorts of items capable of truth and falsehood
27	Truth by Tarski	truth defined for formal languages, using 'satisfaction'
30	Truth definition	question of whether truth can be defined, and how
32	Truth deflated	truth has no nature, and refers to nothing
21	Truth makers	general ideas about what determines truths
12	Truth rejected	denial of either meaning or content to the concept of truth
9	Truth tables	displaying logical relations in terms of true and false
35	Truth, axiomatic theories	theories of truth built from a set of axioms
6	Truth, formal, in logic	role of truth in various systems of formal logic
3	Truth, FS axioms of	Friedman-Sheard axiomatisation of truth
36	Truth, its value	why anyone might desire truth
6	Truth, KF axioms of	Kripke-Feferman axiomatisation of truth
24	Truth, logical	statements held to be true because of a logic system
15	Truth, subjective	no truth, apart from the way individuals see things
8	Truth, uses of	how 'truth' is used in thought and enquiry
15	Truth-conditional semantics	giving meaning by specifying how sentences would be true
34	Truth-conditions meaning	meaning is the situation making a sentence true
9	Truthmaker maximalism	there cannot be a truth which doesn't have a truthmaker
11	Truthmaker necessitarianism	makers that ground truths also force them to be true
15	Truthmakers, against	opposing the claim that all truths have truthmakers
8	Truthmakers, for	supporting the idea that all truths have truthmakers
11	Truthmaking and correspondence	relation of truth-making to the correspondence theory of truth
7	Truthmaking by Being	truths supervene on how things actually are
8	Truthmaking by objects	truths are made true by some sort of object
5	Truthmaking by states	truths are made true by some state of affairs
5	Truthmaking for future	how truths about the future can be made true now
3	Truthmaking for generalities	how general truths are made true
10	Truthmaking for modality	how truths of necessity and possibility are made true
10	Truthmaking for negatives	how negative truths can have truthmakers
6	Truthmaking for past	how truths about the past can be made true now
11	Truthmaking relation	how truths relate to their truthmakers
5	Turing machines	theoretical machine that implements thinking
6	Turing test	possibility of a machine passing itself as human
2	Twentieth century thought	landmarks of general European thought, 1879 - 2000
20	Twin Earth	we may not know what we mean by 'water'
20	Two-dimensional semantics	giving meaning by possible worlds with two separate components
11	Type Identity	being identical in category
23	Type theory in logicism	theory that maths is a hierarchy of set types
	U
18	Unconscious mind	workings of mind hidden from consciousness
43	Understanding	knowledge of sources, causes and explanations
3	Unfairness	problem of unequal distribution of pleasure or pain
11	Unification as conceptual	unification of objects as only occurring in our minds
23	Unification as intrinsic	unification of an object by some intrinsic aspect of it
18	Unifying aggregates	whether a mere assemblage of parts can be unified
22	Units	a series of isolated 'ones' on which counting is built
23	Universalisability	seeing rules for action as universal guidelines
39	Universals	single concepts applying to many things
7	Universals as concepts	universals taken to exist just as mental features
12	Universals, instantiated	universals only existing in actual things
25	Universals, need for	things which only universals seem to explain
13	Universals, uninstantiated	universals existing apart from their actual instances
8	Universe as eternal	no beginning for the universe
7	Unlimited, the	one basic unknowable substance exists
27	Use theory of meaning	meaning of language is its use
37	Utilitarianism	belief that good is maximising happiness
1	Utilitarianism, ideal	maximising ideal goods for everyone
4	Utilitarianism, rule	doing what generally leads to increased happiness
12	Utilitarianism, social	maximum happiness as the aim of government
	V
29	Vague objects	distinct objects with uncertain boundaries
14	Vagueness as ignorance	vagueness arising from our imprecise knowledge
18	Vagueness as linguistic	vagueness as indecision about word meanings
15	Vagueness of reality	treating some aspects of reality as inherently vague
7	Vagueness problem	why vagueness matters to philosophy
7	Vagueness, degrees of	placing values on degrees of vagueness
2	Vagueness, higher-order	uncertainties about if something is vague
25	Value and fact	distinction between what is and what ought to be
26	Value, nature of	what is desirability or worth in something?
10	Value, objective	values independent of points of view
17	Value, subjective	values arising from a human perspective
38	Value, ultimate	what has the highest value or desirablity
19	Variables in logic	symbols which do not yet have a determined value
8	Veil of ignorance	choosing a society in ignorance of one's role
36	Verificationism in meaning	meaning is tied to observation and verification
8	Verisimilitude	process of getting closer to the truth
21	Virtue theory critique	reasons against virtue theory
22	Virtue, its basis	foundation and justification for belief in virtues
44	Virtue, motivation for	why people might want to be virtuous
5	Virtue, natural	some virtue is born in us
53	Virtue, nature of	morality as aiming to produce good persons
28	Virtue, teaching it	whether people can be taught to be virtuous
19	Virtue, unity of	all virtues are variants of a single thing
40	Virtues	qualities considered to make a person excellent
6	Virtues, absolute	virtues that have no compromise or mean
9	Void	volumes of the Cosmos containing nothing
4	Volitionism	choosing to act is sufficient to perform an action
	W
30	War as just	justifications for starting a war
19	War combatants	role and ethics of the fighters
15	War conduct	ethics of how wars are fought
9	War ending	issues concerning peace after war
7	War non-combatants	treatment of civilians and prisoners
30	Weakness of will	failing to perform the action which is judged best
19	Wealth as virtue	possession of money as a possible virtue
6	Welfare,social	government action for citizens in need of help
34	Will to act	mental initiation of an action
8	Will to power	morality deriving from psychological drives
17	Wisdom deflated	doubts about the high status of wisdom
37	Wisdom, nature of	defining and explaining the nature of true wisdom
34	Wise people	sort of character traits which accompany wisdom
	Z
3	Zen Buddhism	achieve radiant wordless enlightenment by meditation
11	Zombies	possible complete human, but lacking awareness
5	Zoroastrianism	ancient Persian, with one god, and Zoroaster as prophet