Ideas from 'What Does It Take to Refer?' by Kent Bach [2006], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language' (ed/tr Lepore,E/Smith,B) [OUP 2008,978-0-19-955223-8]].
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4. Formal Logic / E. Nonclassical Logics / 6. Free Logic
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10455
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Free logic at least allows empty names, but struggles to express non-existence
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5. Theory of Logic / C. Ontology of Logic / 1. Ontology of Logic
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10454
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In first-order we can't just assert existence, and it is very hard to deny something's existence
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5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 3. Constants in Logic
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10453
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In logic constants play the role of proper names
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5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 1. Naming / b. Names as descriptive
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10452
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Proper names can be non-referential - even predicate as well as attributive uses
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5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 1. Naming / c. Names as referential
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10456
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Millian names struggle with existence, empty names, identities and attitude ascription
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5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 2. Descriptions / a. Descriptions
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10440
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An object can be described without being referred to
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5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 2. Descriptions / b. Definite descriptions
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10444
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Definite descriptions can be used to refer, but are not semantically referential
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19. Language / B. Reference / 1. Reference theories
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10446
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Fictional reference is different inside and outside the fiction
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10447
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We can refer to fictional entities if they are abstract objects
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10443
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You 'allude to', not 'refer to', an individual if you keep their identity vague
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19. Language / B. Reference / 4. Descriptive Reference / b. Reference by description
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10445
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It can't be real reference if it could refer to some other thing that satisfies the description
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10457
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Since most expressions can be used non-referentially, none of them are inherently referential
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10463
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Just alluding to or describing an object is not the same as referring to it
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10439
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What refers: indefinite or definite or demonstrative descriptions, names, indexicals, demonstratives?
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10441
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If we can refer to things which change, we can't be obliged to single out their properties
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10442
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We can think of an individual without have a uniquely characterizing description
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19. Language / B. Reference / 5. Speaker's Reference
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10459
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Context does not create reference; it is just something speakers can exploit
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10460
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'That duck' may not refer to the most obvious one in the group
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10461
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What a pronoun like 'he' refers back to is usually a matter of speaker's intentions
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10462
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Information comes from knowing who is speaking, not just from interpretation of the utterance
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19. Language / F. Communication / 5. Pragmatics / a. Contextual meaning
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10458
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People slide from contextual variability all the way to contextual determination
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