Ideas from 'Explanation and Reference' by Hilary Putnam [1973], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Mind Language and Reality: Papers vol 2' by Putnam,Hilary [CUP 1975,0-521-10668-5]].
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5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 1. Naming / a. Names
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17505
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Using proper names properly doesn't involve necessary and sufficient conditions
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 5. Essence as Kind
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11908
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Putnam bases essences on 'same kind', but same kinds may not share properties [Mackie,P]
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14. Science / B. Scientific Theories / 2. Aim of Science
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17508
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Science aims at truth, not at 'simplicity'
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19. Language / B. Reference / 3. Direct Reference / b. Causal reference
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17506
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I now think reference by the tests of experts is a special case of being causally connected
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26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 5. Reference to Natural Kinds
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11904
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Express natural kinds as a posteriori predicate connections, not as singular terms [Mackie,P]
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17507
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Natural kind stereotypes are 'strong' (obvious, like tiger) or 'weak' (obscure, like molybdenum)
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