Ideas from 'fragments/reports' by Carneades [174 BCE], by Theme Structure
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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 3. Philosophy Defined
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2666
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Carneades' pinnacles of philosophy are the basis of knowledge (the criterion of truth) and the end of appetite (good)
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3. Truth / B. Truthmakers / 10. Making Future Truths
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21390
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Future events are true if one day we will say 'this event is happening now'
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21672
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We say future things are true that will possess actuality at some following time
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 6. Identity between Objects
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15825
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Carneades denied the transitivity of identity
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10. Modality / A. Necessity / 3. Types of Necessity
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21389
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Carneades distinguished logical from causal necessity, when talking of future events
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 2. Sources of Free Will
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21671
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Voluntary motion is intrinsically within our power, and this power is its cause
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / a. Determinism
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21391
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Some actions are within our power; determinism needs prior causes for everything - so it is false
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16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / b. Fate
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21674
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Even Apollo can only foretell the future when it is naturally necessary
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22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / i. Self-interest
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7398
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Carneades said that after a shipwreck a wise man would seize the only plank by force
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25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 1. Basis of justice
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21392
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People change laws for advantage; either there is no justice, or it is a form of self-injury
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