Ideas from 'Metaphors We Live By' by G Lakoff / M Johnson [1980], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Metaphors We Live By' by Lakoff,G/Johnson,M [Chicago 2003,978-0-226-46801-3]].

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3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 9. Rejecting Truth

24464

True statements are largely based on our categories, which are not fixed

7. Existence / B. Change in Existence / 4. Events / a. Nature of events

24448

Events are metaphorical objects (and activities are substances, and states are containers)

13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 5. Coherentism / b. Pro-coherentism

24454

Two metaphors for one thing may be coherent, even if inconsistent

15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 4. Objectification

24445

Seeing experiences as entities facilitates reference, categorising, quantifying and reasoning

24447

Seeing experience as objects doesn't (unlike metaphors) enhance understanding

15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 5. Generalisation by mind

24450

Metaphorical concepts arise not from concrete images but from general ones

15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 11. Personification

24449

Personification sees object in human terms, usually selecting one aspect

18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / a. Nature of concepts

24457

We must explain how concepts are grounded, structured, related, and defined

18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / c. Concepts in psychology

24458

Definitions give the essence of a concept, but metaphors are how we use them

18. Thought / D. Concepts / 2. Origin of Concepts / a. Origin of concepts

24446

Human purposes imposes boundaries around our experiences

18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / b. Analysis of concepts

24451

We usually conceptualise vague nonphysical things in terms of more precise physical things

24452

We reject the standard view that all concepts are analyzable into primitive concepts

24455

Metaphors help us to understand aspects of concepts

18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / d. Concepts as prototypes

24460

Categories as prototypes can be qualified by a variety of verbal 'hedges'

19. Language / F. Communication / 6. Interpreting Language / d. Metaphor

24443

Metaphor not only pervades language, but also our fundamental conceptual scheme

24444

Metaphors understand and experience one thing in terms of another

24456

Argument seen as journey, container or building reveals eight different aspects of it

24463

Metaphors restructure our experience, and thus create new similarities

24462

Metaphor stuctures our conceptual and decisions systems, and is not mere language

22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / g. Love

24453

The concept of 'love' is structured mostly in physical terms

24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 11. Capitalism

24461

Cultures were partly westernised by the new time-is-money metaphor

27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 2. Passage of Time / a. Experience of time

24459

We understand time in almost entirely metaphorical terms