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Ideas of Bob Hale, by Text
[British, fl. 2001, Professor at Glasgow Univerity.]
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Ch.1
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p.3
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10307
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The modern Fregean use of the term 'object' is much broader than the ordinary usage
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Ch.1
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p.4
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10308
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Questions about objects are questions about certain non-vacuous singular terms
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Ch.1
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p.13
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10310
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Objections to Frege: abstracta are unknowable, non-independent, unstatable, unindividuated
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Ch.2
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p.18
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10312
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Often the same singular term does not ensure reliable inference
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Ch.2.II
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p.21
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10313
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Plenty of clear examples have singular terms with no ontological commitment
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Ch.2.II
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p.24
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10314
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An expression is a genuine singular term if it resists elimination by paraphrase
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Ch.2.II
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p.27
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10315
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We can't believe in a 'whereabouts' because we ask 'what kind of object is it?'
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Ch.2.II
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p.28
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10316
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We should decide whether singular terms are genuine by their usage
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Ch.2.II
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p.33
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10318
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Realists take universals to be the referrents of both adjectives and of nouns
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Ch.2.II
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p.39
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10321
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We sometimes apply identity without having a real criterion
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Ch.2.III
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p.41
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10322
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If singular terms can't be language-neutral, then we face a relativity about their objects
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Ch.3 Intro
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p.46
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10511
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It is doubtful if one entity, a universal, can be picked out by both predicates and abstract nouns
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Ch.3.1
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p.49
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10513
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Many abstract objects, such as chess, seem non-spatial, but are not atemporal
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Ch.3.1
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p.49
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10514
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If the mental is non-spatial but temporal, then it must be classified as abstract
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Ch.3.I
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p.46
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10512
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The abstract/concrete distinction is based on what is perceivable, causal and located
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Ch.3.II
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p.53
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10517
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Colours and points seem to be both concrete and abstract
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Ch.3.II
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p.55
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10518
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Shapes and directions are of something, but games and musical compositions are not
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Ch.3.III
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p.56
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10520
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Token-letters and token-words are concrete objects, type-letters and type-words abstract
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Ch.3.III
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p.56
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10519
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The abstract/concrete distinction is in the relations in the identity-criteria of object-names
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Ch.3.III
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p.57
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10522
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The relations featured in criteria of identity are always equivalence relations
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Ch.3.III
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p.57
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10521
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If F can't have location, there is no problem of things having F in different locations
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Ch.3.III
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p.59
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10523
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Being abstract is based on a relation between things which are spatially separated
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Ch.3.III
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p.61
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10524
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There is a hierarchy of abstraction, based on steps taken by equivalence relations
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1996
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Absolute Necessities
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p.16
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8261
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Maybe not-p is logically possible, but p is metaphysically necessary, so the latter is not absolute
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1
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p.94
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15080
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'Relative' necessity is just a logical consequence of some statements ('strong' if they are all true)
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1
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p.94
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15081
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A strong necessity entails a weaker one, but not conversely; possibilities go the other way
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2
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p.95
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15082
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Metaphysical necessity says there is no possibility of falsehood
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3
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p.100
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15085
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'Broadly' logical necessities are derived (in a structure) entirely from the concepts
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4
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p.101
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15086
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Absolute necessity might be achievable either logically or metaphysically
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p.10
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p.10
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15088
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Logical necessities are true in virtue of the nature of all logical concepts
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p.9
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p.9
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15087
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Conceptual necessities are made true by all concepts
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1998
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Reals by Abstraction
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p.27
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10632
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The real numbers may be introduced by abstraction as ratios of quantities [Hale/Wright]
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2002
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The Source of Necessity
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p.301
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p.301
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12432
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Explanation of necessity must rest on something necessary or something contingent
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p.302
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p.302
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12433
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If necessity rests on linguistic conventions, those are contingent, so there is no necessity
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p.308
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p.308
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12434
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Why is this necessary, and what is necessity in general; why is this necessary truth true, and why necessary?
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p.311
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p.311
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12435
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The explanation of a necessity can be by a truth (which may only happen to be a necessary truth)
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P.313
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p.313
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12436
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Concept-identities explain how we know necessities, not why they are necessary
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Intro
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p.1
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19275
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You cannot understand what exists without understanding possibility and necessity
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Intro
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p.5
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19276
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The big challenge for essentialist views of modality is things having necessary existence
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03.2
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p.68
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19278
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There is no gap between a fact that p, and it is true that p; so we only have the truth-condtions for p
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03.3.2
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p.71
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19279
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What are these worlds, that being true in all of them makes something necessary?
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03.4.1
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p.82
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19281
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Interesting supervenience must characterise the base quite differently from what supervenes on it
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03.4.3
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p.88
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19282
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It seems that we cannot show that modal facts depend on non-modal facts
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04.1
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p.98
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19285
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Logical necessity is something which is true, no matter what else is the case
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04.1
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p.99
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19286
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'Absolute necessity' is when there is no restriction on the things which necessitate p
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04.5
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p.114
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19287
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Maybe each type of logic has its own necessity, gradually becoming broader
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04.5
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p.115
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19288
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Logical and metaphysical necessities differ in their vocabulary, and their underlying entities
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05.2
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p.120
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19289
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Maybe conventionalism applies to meaning, but not to the truth of propositions expressed
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05.5.2
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p.136
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19290
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Absolute necessities are necessarily necessary
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06.4
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p.151
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19291
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A canonical defintion specifies the type of thing, and what distinguish this specimen
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06.6
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p.158
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19293
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Essentialism doesn't explain necessity reductively; it explains all necessities in terms of a few basic natures
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07.1
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p.165
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19294
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If necessity derives from essences, how do we explain the necessary existence of essences?
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07.4
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p.177
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19295
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Add Hume's principle to logic, to get numbers; arithmetic truths rest on the nature of the numbers
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08.2
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p.182
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19296
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If second-order variables range over sets, those are just objects; properties and relations aren't sets
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09.2
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p.204
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19297
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The two Barcan principles are easily proved in fairly basic modal logic
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09.2 n7
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p.205
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19298
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Unlike axiom proofs, natural deduction proofs needn't focus on logical truths and theorems
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10.3
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p.227
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19299
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Possible worlds make every proposition true or false, which endorses classical logic
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11.2
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p.251
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19300
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The molecules may explain the water, but they are not what 'water' means
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11.3
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p.259
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19301
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With a negative free logic, we can dispense with the Barcan formulae
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11.3.7
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p.276
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19302
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If a chair could be made of slightly different material, that could lead to big changes
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