Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for Speussipus, Benjamin Libet and Jan Lukasiewicz

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5 ideas

4. Formal Logic / E. Nonclassical Logics / 3. Many-Valued Logic

8942	Lukasiewicz's L3 logic has three truth-values, T, F and I (for 'indeterminate') [Lukasiewicz, by Fisher]

9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / c. Types of substance

594	Speusippus suggested underlying principles for every substance, and ended with a huge list [Speussipus, by Aristotle]

20. Action / B. Preliminaries of Action / 2. Willed Action / a. Will to Act

7861	Libet says the processes initiated in the cortex can still be consciously changed [Libet, by Papineau]

6660	Libet found conscious choice 0.2 secs before movement, well after unconscious 'readiness potential' [Libet, by Lowe]

28. God / C. Attitudes to God / 5. Atheism

2632	Speusippus said things were governed by some animal force rather than the gods [Speussipus, by Cicero]