Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for H.Putnam/P.Oppenheim, [Roman law] and Antony Eagle

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6 ideas

9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 13. Nominal Essence

15642

If kinds depend only on what can be observed, many underlying essences might produce the same kind [Eagle]

15645

Nominal essence are the observable properties of things [Eagle]

15643

Nominal essence mistakenly gives equal weight to all underlying properties that produce appearances [Eagle]

14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / j. Explanations by reduction

20653

Six reduction levels: groups, lives, cells, molecules, atoms, particles [Putnam/Oppenheim, by Watson]

25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 3. Punishment / a. Right to punish

7294	No crime and no punishment without a law [Roman law]

26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 4. Source of Kinds

15641

Kinds are fixed by the essential properties of things - the properties that make it that kind of thing [Eagle]