Combining Philosophers
Ideas for Anaxarchus, Michael Tooley and Anjan Chakravarrty
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13 ideas
26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 4. Source of Kinds
15146
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Some kinds, such as electrons, have essences, but 'cluster kinds' do not [Chakravartty]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 2. Types of cause
8388
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Causation is either direct realism, Humean reduction, non-Humean reduction or theoretical realism [Tooley]
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8389
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Causation distinctions: reductionism/realism; Humean/non-Humean states; observable/non-observable [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 4. Naturalised causation
8416
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Reductionists can't explain accidents, uninstantiated laws, probabilities, or the existence of any laws [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 5. Direction of causation
8393
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We can only reduce the direction of causation to the direction of time if we are realist about the latter [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 8. Particular Causation / a. Observation of causation
8390
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Causation is directly observable in pressure on one's body, and in willed action [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 8. Particular Causation / e. Probabilistic causation
8418
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Quantum physics suggests that the basic laws of nature are probabilistic [Tooley]
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8392
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Probabilist laws are compatible with effects always or never happening [Tooley]
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8399
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The actual cause may not be the most efficacious one [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / a. Constant conjunction
8391
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In counterfactual worlds there are laws with no instances, so laws aren't supervenient on actuality [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / b. Nomological causation
8394
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Explaining causation in terms of laws can't explain the direction of causation [Tooley]
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8398
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Causation is a concept of a relation the same in all worlds, so it can't be a physical process [Tooley]
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26. Natural Theory / D. Laws of Nature / 1. Laws of Nature
15151
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Many causal laws do not refer to kinds, but only to properties [Chakravartty]
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