Combining Philosophers
Ideas for Rescher,N/Oppenheim,P, Bertrand Russell and Baruch de Spinoza
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42 ideas
24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 1. A People / a. Human distinctiveness
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4855
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If people are obedient to reason, they will live in harmony [Spinoza]
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24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 1. A People / c. A unified people
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19935
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Peoples are created by individuals, not by nature, and only distinguished by language and law [Spinoza]
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21874
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The ideal for human preservation is unanimity among people [Spinoza]
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23153
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Gradually loyalty to a creed increased, which could even outweigh nationality [Russell]
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23152
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Increasingly war expands communities, and unifies them through fear [Russell]
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23155
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In early societies the leaders needed cohesion, but the rest just had to obey [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 2. Population / b. State population
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23156
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The economic and political advantages of great size seem to have no upper limit [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 3. Natural Values / a. Natural freedom
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8020
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Only self-knowledge can liberate us [Spinoza, by MacIntyre]
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24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 3. Natural Values / c. Natural rights
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19914
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In nature everything has an absolute right to do anything it is capable of doing [Spinoza]
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19915
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Natural rights are determined by desire and power, not by reason [Spinoza]
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7412
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Spinoza extended Hobbes's natural rights to cover all possible desires and actions [Spinoza, by Tuck]
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24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 1. Purpose of a State
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7487
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Society exists to extend human awareness [Spinoza, by Watson]
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19943
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The state aims to allow personal development, so its main purpose is freedom [Spinoza]
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23157
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Government has a negative purpose, to prevent trouble, and a positive aim of realising our desires [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 2. State Legitimacy / a. Sovereignty
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19930
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Sovereignty must include the power to make people submit to it [Spinoza]
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24. Political Theory / C. Ruling a State / 2. Leaders / b. Monarchy
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23151
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A monarch is known to everyone in the group, and can thus unite large groups [Russell]
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19936
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Kings tend to fight wars for glory, rather than for peace and liberty [Spinoza]
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19937
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Monarchs are always proud, and can't back down [Spinoza]
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19940
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Deposing a monarch is dangerous, because the people are used to royal authority [Spinoza]
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24. Political Theory / C. Ruling a State / 4. Changing the State / b. Devolution
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21522
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Democracy is inadequate without a great deal of devolution [Russell]
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21523
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We would not want UK affairs to be settled by a world parliament [Russell]
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23167
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Power should be with smaller bodies, as long as it doesn't restrict central powers [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / C. Ruling a State / 4. Changing the State / c. Revolution
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19931
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Every state is more frightened of its own citizens than of external enemies [Spinoza]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 2. Anarchism
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21521
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Anarchy does not maximise liberty [Russell]
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23163
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In an anarchy universities, research, books, and even seaside holidays, would be impossible [Russell]
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23168
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A state is essential, to control greedy or predatory impulses [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / c. Direct democracy
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19920
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Democracy is a legitimate gathering of people who do whatever they can do [Spinoza]
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21528
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Groups should be autonomous, with a neutral authority as arbitrator [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 5. Democracy / f. Against democracy
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21527
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On every new question the majority is always wrong at first [Russell]
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23166
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In democracy we are more aware of being governed than of our tiny share in government [Russell]
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23169
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Democratic institutions become impossible in a fanatical democracy [Russell]
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21526
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Unfortunately ordinary voters can't detect insincerity [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 6. Liberalism / a. Liberalism basics
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23170
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Liberal opinions are tentative rather than dogmatic, and are always responsive to new evidence [Russell]
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23172
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Empiricist Liberalism is the only view for someone who favours scientific evidence and happiness [Russell]
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23171
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Empiricism is ethically superior, because dogmatism favours persecution and hatred [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 8. Socialism
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21525
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When the state is the only employer, there is no refuge from the prejudices of other people [Russell]
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23162
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Managers are just as remote from workers under nationalisation as under capitalism [Russell]
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23165
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Socialists say economic justice needs some state control of industries, and of foreign trade [Russell]
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23160
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Being a slave of society is hardly better than being a slave of a despot [Russell]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 10. Theocracy
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19933
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If religion is law, then piety is justice, impiety is crime, and non-believers must leave [Spinoza]
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19938
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Allowing religious ministers any control of the state is bad for both parties [Spinoza]
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24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 11. Capitalism
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21518
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Men unite in pursuit of material things, and idealise greed as part of group loyalty [Russell]
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